Huang Chao (820 ~ 884) was a native of Caozhou in the Tang Dynasty. Born as a salt merchant, he accumulated wealth and gathered people, especially taking in fugitives. Since Tang Yizong, due to the excessive luxury of the royal family, heavy taxes, and years of floods and droughts, people have lived in poverty and bandits have emerged one after another. In the first year of Ganfu in Tang Xizong (AD 874), Wang Xianzhi led a bandit uprising, and the following year, Huang Chao rose up. In the five years of Ganfu, Wang Xianzhi was defeated and died in Hubei, and Huang Chao was elected as a general to lead the troops to attack and plunder Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other places. In the first year of Guangming (AD 880), Luoyang and Chang 'an were trapped, and Xuanzong fled to Chengdu. The nest is named emperor, and the title is big. The Tang Dynasty won the support of Li Keyong by rank, defeated Huang Chao and committed suicide in the nest. The Huang Chao Rebellion, which had been harmful for ten years, ended, which was called the Huang Chao Rebellion in history. At the beginning of the second year of Ganfu (875), Wang Xianzhi, Shang Rang and others launched an uprising in Changyuan (now northeast of Henan Changyuan), and a peasant uprising broke out at the end of the Tang Dynasty. In May, Huang Chao and his brothers, sons and nephews Huang Yi and Huang Enye launched a response from thousands of people. Then Wang and Huang joined forces and fought side by side, attacking Yizhou (now Linyi, Shandong Province) in the east and Luoyang in the west. The rulers of the Tang Dynasty quickly mobilized troops to attack. Wang and Huang Nai moved south to (now Biyang, Henan Province) and Dengzhou (now dengzhou city, Henan Province) in October of the third year of Ganfu, and then moved to Henan, Hubei, Anhui and other places, and they were unable to attack again and again. At the end of the same year, qi zhou's secretariat (now northeast of Qichun, Hubei Province) lured him to surrender to Wang Xianzhi, and Kenji was shaken to accept the official position of the Tang Dynasty. Huang Chao rebuked him, saying, We made a big oath and traveled all over the world. Now, you have taken the official position and surrendered to the enemy alone. Where will the masses go? Anger hurts xianzhi's head Xian Zhi was afraid of public anger and didn't dare to accept Tang's orders, so she divided her forces and fought with Huang Chao. Huang Chao led the army northward to conquer Yunzhou (now Dongping North, Shandong Province) and Yizhou. Later, although Wang and Huang had jointly attacked Songzhou (now south of Shangqiu, Henan Province), they soon split. In five years, Wang Xianzhi died in Huangmei (now northwest of Huangmei, Hubei Province), and still let the rest rush to Bozhou (now Bozhou, Anhui Province) to meet Huang Chao and his men, and promoted Huang Chao as Huang Wang, the soaring general, and Jianyuan Wang Ba, the official office.

From then on, Huang Chao became the highest * * * of the insurgents. After the two rebels met, their power grew again. Huang Chao went north again, went to Yike, Pupu and other states, and then went west along the south bank of the Yellow River. "I want to see Dongdu (Luoyang)", and the Tang Dynasty urgently dispatched troops to reinforce Dongdu. Huang Chao knew that there was no hope of an eastward attack, so he led his troops south, crossed the Yangtze River and went downstream eastward. In Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), the festival from Zhenhai (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) made Gao Pian blocked by Zhang Lin and Liang Jian. The rebel army turned from Zhejiang to the south, opened up a mountain road of 700 miles, entered Fujian and conquered Fuzhou (now Fujian Province). Huang Chao suppressed bureaucratic landlords in Fuzhou and killed the stubborn "Chu Shi" Zhou Pu.

Later, he led the army south along the coast and captured Guangzhou, an important town in Lingnan, in September of six years. After about two months' rest, in the winter of this year, Huang Chao led a great army to the Northern Expedition, claiming to be "commander in chief of the rebel army", issued a proclamation announcing that he was about to enter the customs, accusing the Tang Dynasty of having eunuchs in charge of state affairs, and the military discipline was disordered, and courtiers colluded with eunuchs and bribed them wantonly; It also announced the prohibition of insurrectionary army, the prohibition of secretariat and extensive cultivation of property, and the county magistrate ordered the whole family to behead those who committed stolen goods. What he accused was extremely bad at that time and won the support of the masses. Hundreds of thousands of rebels set out from Guizhou (now Guilin, Guangxi), took a raft along the Xiangjiang River, conquered Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan) and went down to Jiangling (now Hubei). Originally, I wanted to attack the Central Plains and go straight to Guanzhong, but Jingmen (now Hubei) was defeated by Liu Jurong, a general of the Tang Dynasty, and turned eastward. In May of the first year of Yu Guangming (880), he killed Zhang Lin, a veteran of Huainan (now Yangzhou North, Jiangsu) in Xinzhou (now Shangrao, Jiangxi). In July, I flew across the Yangtze River from quarrying (now the east bank of the Yangtze River southwest of Maanshan, Anhui). Gao Pian had contradictions with Tang Ting, and he was afraid of the power of the insurgents. Although he supported more than 100,000 soldiers, he only protected his territory and dared not go to war. After crossing the river, Huang Chao crossed the Huaihe River by breaking bamboo, and occupied Luoyang, the eastern capital, in November. On the way to March, the insurgents "walked with others, not worrying about wealth", and people along the way joined the insurgents in succession, with millions of people. After the rebels entered Luoyang, they asked the residents. When Huang Chao attacked the North, he also specially transferred the town soldiers of the Tang Dynasty; You should guard the base separately and don't attack our soldiers. I'm going to the capital. I'm going to the capital to apologize to the emperor. It's none of your business. These words split the enemy camp, so the soldiers marched unimpeded. Huang Chao didn't stay in Du Dong for a long time, then turned to the west, broke through the natural barrier of Tongguan (now northeast of Tongguan, Shaanxi) at the end of the year, and finally captured the capital Chang 'an. And eunuch Tian nan fled to Chengdu. On the day when the rebel army entered the city, it distributed property to the poor. The general Shang Jean announced to the masses: "The Yellow Emperor started to fight for the people, except Li who did not love you Cao. You are Cao, but you live in peace! "

1 February 13 (88 1 year1year 65438+6 years), Huang Chao was located in Hanyuan Temple, with the name of Daqi, and was renamed Golden Boy. Officials before the Tang Dynasty were retained by the following four categories as appropriate, and all the above three categories were dismissed. The main officials of its center are: Shang Rang is the commander-in-chief and secretary, and he is the deputy envoy; Cui He and Yang Xigu, former Tang officials, held the same post as Pingzhang (the prime minister); Meng Kai and Gaihong are the left and right servants of Shangshu, and they are also military attache (in charge of the guard); Pi Rixiu, a famous poet, is also a bachelor of Hanlin. Huang Chao implemented a policy of severely punishing the royal family and officials in Chang 'an. Few people stayed in Chang 'an in the imperial clan of the Tang Dynasty. After the rebels caught more than 100 senior officials and dignitaries hidden in the walls of Zhangzhi, they were all executed. The Daqi regime also confiscated the property of the rich, which was called "scouring things". Rich people walk barefoot. The following year, Tang Jun once invaded Chang 'an, and the rebels temporarily retreated. That night, it counterattacked and expelled Tang Jun from the city.

However, Huang Chao did not send troops to pursue Tang Xizong, nor did he first try his best to annihilate the imperial army in the important town of Guanzhong. The Daqi regime also lacked the necessary economic policies, and neither production nor finance were available. In this way, the balance of power between the enemy and ourselves gradually became unfavorable to the rebels. The landlords in Guanzhong insisted on staying in the wild, which caused the Daqi regime to fall into a serious food shortage dilemma; In the second year of Zhonghe (882), Datong (now Dali, Shaanxi Province) defended the war, causing Zhu Wen to defect and surrender the enemy. Li Keyong, a Shatuo, led 17,000 people south at the request of the Tang Dynasty. The enemy's military strength has greatly increased. At this point, Huang Chao found it very unfavorable to be trapped in Guanzhong, so he withdrew eastward in April of three years, attacked and forced Cai Zhou (now Runa, Henan Province), and the Tang Dynasty defeated Qin Zongquan and surrendered to Huang Chao.

In June, the insurgents began to besiege Chen Zhou (now Huaiyang, Henan). The garrison commander resisted, and the rebels could not attack for a long time. Zhu Wen and Li Keyong successively came to reinforce. Huang Chao was cleared in April of four years, crossing the border to the north, and was blocked by Shipu, our envoy from Xuzhou in the Tang Dynasty. The battle was unfavorable, and he finally retreated to the Wolf Tiger Valley (now southwest of Laiwu, Shandong Province) and committed suicide on June 17 (one was killed by his niece Lin Yan). The peasant war, which lasted for more than nine years, is over.

Soon after, the Tang Dynasty perished and history entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.