Philosophy originated in the ancient slavery period when social productive forces developed greatly. At that time, the development of social economy greatly improved people's cognitive ability, and people began to think about the nature of the world and other theoretical issues, and early human philosophy appeared.
In ancient times, the object of philosophical research was very complicated, from astronomy to geography. All kinds of problems that can give people wisdom and make people smart are the research objects of philosophy. The objects of philosophical research in this period include those of specific scientific, and philosophy and science are integrated.
In the middle of slave society, certain sciences, such as mathematics, astronomy and medicine, became an independent science and separated from philosophy. The research object of philosophy has been reduced and concretized, and various specific philosophical disciplines have been formed in philosophy: ontology, epistemology and logic.
With the establishment of capitalist society, modern empirical science came into being, and various specific scientific became independent from philosophy, which made rapid development and narrowed the research object of philosophy.
Engels pointed out: "In all previous philosophies, only the theories about thinking and its laws-formal logic and dialectics-still exist, and everything else belongs to the empirical science about nature and history.
Epistemology and development view became the core issues of philosophy in this period.
At present, due to the independent and rapid development of natural science, social science and consciousness science, the research object of philosophy has changed again.
Philosophy no longer studies the problems in a certain range and field of the world, but studies the common essence and universal laws of all things and phenomena in the whole world, such as the origin of the world, the relationship between matter and consciousness, and the basic state of the world, thus forming two schools of materialism and idealism.
Philosophy itself only shows different dimensions of thinking, and there is no right or wrong, but if we explore the true nature of the objective world through practice, there will be a difference between science and unscientific.
Extended data:
Philosophy is a social ideology based on material, and it is the basic discipline and means for human beings to study the world. From a historical perspective, the emergence of philosophy has its inevitability and rationality. Explore its conditions, mainly from the following two aspects:
First, the philosophy of hunger
In an era of material scarcity, when wars continue and people are poor, philosophy will turn to political exploration. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, and many books were written to seek the foundation of the country and the way to survive in troubled times. This is the in-depth development of philosophy. We can call it "the philosophy of hunger" or we can understand it as the philosophy of desperate survival.
The so-called "hunger philosophy" refers to the value philosophy that comes into being when people's basic life interests and national progress interests are not satisfied, or class contradictions are acute, and philosophy is forced to think about reform and think about the world in a political and economic way.
We know that Marxist philosophy, which came into being at a specific historical stage, essentially serves politics. Due to the intensification of capitalist exploitation of workers and the deepening of internal contradictions, Marx and Engels put forward materialism and dialectics, and further established historical materialism and surplus value theory, thus exposing the essence of capitalism, opposing oppression and creating conditions for the emergence of scientific socialist theory.
It can be seen that Marxist philosophy developed under the disadvantage of the working class, and the specific social environment provided a reasonable hotbed for the birth of Marxist philosophy, which is a typical "hunger philosophy".
Second, the philosophy of abundance.
In the era of rich life, people have solved the basic problems of food, clothing, housing and transportation, and the ideological world has gained great development space. At this time, people have a wide range of thinking about philosophy, including many aspects and various forms. Aristotle's philosophical thought has penetrated into all fields, which is the diversified development of philosophy, and we call it "rich philosophy".
The so-called "philosophy of abundance" refers to the pluralistic philosophy produced after people's interest in life is satisfied, the world of thinking and consciousness is greatly enriched, and the relationship between the world and themselves is carefully observed, and they enter various philosophical fields such as consciousness, spirit and nature.
Aquinas was an outstanding theologian and philosopher in the Middle Ages. The Complete Book of Theology written by him is famous in ancient and modern times, which is an important embodiment of the philosophical characteristics of this period.
It can be seen that philosophy has different forms in different historical stages. Because of this, history has pointed out two feasible paths for philosophy and promoted the multi-level development of philosophy.
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