Han Yu's reading method of "mentioning the essentials and hooking the Xuan"
Han Yu studies hard and perseveres. Jin Xuejie put forward that "those who remember things must mention their essentials, and those who create words must hook their mystery". This is what later generations call "the method of reading by grasping the truth". The general idea is that you must take notes when reading; Read different books and have different notes. When reading a history book that records facts, you must write an outline and master the outline; When reading a book that compiles speeches, you must tick off the essence and grasp the spirit. When writing a summary, you must understand the ins and outs of the matter, the cause and effect, and the complex relationship between this event and other events; When hooking the essence, we must conduct in-depth research and analysis on those remarks. The process of revealing the truth helps to enhance memory, raise awareness and cultivate independent thinking ability.
Han Yu also proposed that reading should be "greedy rather than donating more" ("Learning Solution"). "The pain of reading is not much, as the name implies. If you are sick enough, you can stop learning, but you can't stop learning ("Farewell to Yuan Shihe"). He requires profound knowledge and applies what he has learned. Han Yu proposed that reading should be "fascinated" and "not fascinated". When answering Li Yi's book, he used the word "Fan" successively. The first "infatuation" is to describe your infatuation with reading; "If you forget, if you leave, if you think, if you are fascinated." With this infatuation, we can drill deeper, but we must prevent ourselves from getting lost. So I put forward the second "mystery": "Walking depends on the way of benevolence and righteousness, and swimming depends on the source of poetry and books. There is nothing mysterious about its way and source, it will only be my body. " This is Han Yu's experience in reading for many years. It is pointed out that reading must be from fascination to non-fascination, in order to gain real knowledge and get rid of the shackles of bookishness.
Tao Yuanming's Reading Method of "Knowledge"
Tao Yuanming attached great importance to reading and learning all his life, and often revealed in his poems: "Strange articles are learned together, and doubtful articles are analyzed together." ("Migration") In the Biography of Mr. May 6th, he said: "Quiet and quiet, I don't envy Li Rong. I love reading and don't want to know too much. Whenever I know something, I forget to eat happily ... I often amuse myself by writing articles, which shows my ambition. Regardless of gains and losses, all ends well. " This is the "method of knowing how to read" summarized by Tao Yuanming for later generations, and some people call it "the method of not asking for much understanding". In fact, what he pursues is reading and understanding, focusing on understanding the deep intention of the book, rather than picking up individual words. In Yuan Dynasty, Ye Li pointed out: "Those who don't ask for a solution are complacent and forget their words, not old-fashioned chapters." Deng Tuo also pointed out: "I said I didn't want to understand this book, and I didn't really want to read it. Instead, I advocate letting go of the difficult places and not being persistent. Maybe after reading the context, you will understand the difficult part; If you still don't understand, you have to wait until later. " (The Secret of Yanshan Night Talk) And Dow said, "Every time you know something, you will gladly forget to eat", which means that you can know it more than once.
Zhuge Liang's reading method of "observing its outline"
Zhuge Liang, a famous politician and writer in the Three Kingdoms period, has become a symbol of the wisdom of our people and a well-known historical figure. The reason why he can strategize and win thousands of miles away is inseparable from his diligent learning spirit and effective learning methods. "Wei Lue" said: "Zhuge Liang is in Jingzhou, walking with, and Meng. The three of them are familiar with their work, but only Liang can see the overall situation clearly. Kneel on your knees every morning and evening and scream calmly. The three men said,' your three officials can go to the secretariat to guard the county.' The three men asked him where he was going, smiling without a word. "Later, Zhuge Liang became the prime minister of Shu Han, and Shi Guangyuan really only held an intermediate position as a chief executive. The "summary" here is a scientific reading method, that is, a reading method that summarizes the essence and main points of the spirit. It roughly means strategic command. The ancients once noted: "omitted, that is, to give it an outline." "Every article, every book, has its essence. If we grasp it and study it deeply, we can better grasp the main spirit of the whole article, make the knowledge we have learned solid and profound, and achieve twice the result with half the effort.
Zhu's "Teacher"
Zhu was a famous philosopher and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty. He regarded "learning from ignorance" and "learning from facts and practicing" as the basic principles of reading, and summed up a series of famous reading methods, which were summarized as "Zhu Reading Method" by his students and others. Its "essence" is:
(1) Step by step. He advocates that if there are two books, then "pass one book and then pass another book"; The same book, "its chapters, chapters, articles and sentences are all in order." He asked to do what he can, lay a solid foundation and gradually deepen.
(2) Read carefully and think carefully. Zhu believes that reading should start with repeated reading, combine learning with thinking, and strive to understand thoroughly, understand thoroughly, and firmly remember and master. "When reading, you need to read every word loud and clear. The ancients said,' Read it a thousand times and you will know its meaning'. When you are familiar with it, you don't need to explain, but you will know what you mean. " The process of thinking is from doubt to doubt, from doubt to solution. In his view, reading begins with "unknowns and doubts". Reading should have "doubts step by step", then "doubts will be gradually solved" and finally "everything will be understood".
(3) swim with an open mind. Zhu believes that reading should have an open mind. He said: "There is no other way to study, but to be sincere and open-minded, and to play carefully again and again, thinking it useful."
(4) observe yourself. Zhu believes that reading should be combined with one's own knowledge and experience to understand inferences, and one should "read his books and experience them personally", but one should not be self-righteous.
. 5] Hold on tight and push. Zhu believes that we should study hard and be willing to work hard. "Learning should be vigorous and vigorous, and idleness is useless." .
[6] Live with respect and ambition. Zhu believes that reading should have a pure and single-minded state of mind and firm and lofty aspirations. Respect is single-mindedness "when you are idle, respect yourself, but when you should make a difference, respect yourself;" When reading, respect reading. " At the same time, he pointed out that learning is the idea of having determination, unclear purpose and no learning. The so-called "how to learn when you are uncertain."
Mencius' "Self-satisfied" Reading Method
Mencius' exposition on reading methods is one of the systematic reading methods formed in China's early days. Like Confucius' reading method, it has a profound and beneficial influence on China's reading history. The essence of his reading methodology is:
(1) Self-satisfaction. Mencius believes that reading and learning must be studied by oneself. He said, "If you seek, you will get it, but if you give up, you will lose it. If you seek, you will get benefits, and if you follow, you will get me "("Mencius ")." If the Tao is natural, how can you know it? " I don't want to hear it when I'm sick. Children come back and ask for it, and there are many teachers. "("Mencius Gaozi Shang ") He further developed and said:" A gentleman should learn Tao and be complacent. Complacency leads to security, security leads to deep capital, and deep capital takes its source. Therefore, a gentleman should be complacent "(Mencius Li Lou). In other words, teachers should also stimulate and mobilize students' intrinsic motivation to make them "self-satisfied", that is, rely on their own thirst for knowledge and acquire knowledge through their own active efforts.
(2) concentration and perseverance. Mencius said: "there is no other way to learn, just ask him to rest assured." ("Mencius Gao Zi Shang") aims to oppose the half-hearted reading attitude. Taking Qiu Yi's chess teaching as an example, he emphasized the truth that "if you don't concentrate, you can't do it" (Mencius Gao Zi Shang), and pointed out that a person's unsatisfactory learning result is often not his "cleverness" (not cleverness), but the result of his inability to concentrate. Mencius also pointed out that concentration must be constant. He used the metaphor of digging a well to say: "If you have a career, you can dig a well. Digging a well nine times is not as good as a spring, but it is still abandoning the well "("Mencius "), which shows that if you don't persist in studying, you will eventually fail.
(3) PCG is backward. That is, step by step Mencius said, "Running water is also a thing, and there is no Yingke." ("Mencius with all his heart") and said: "Quan Yuan gangsters never give up day and night, and backwardness is everywhere." Mencius compared learning with water, which shows the importance of accumulating knowledge step by step.
(4) Reconsideration and doubt. Mencius believes that only by relying on the thinking of "the official of the mind" can we understand objective things. To see without thinking is to listen without hearing. He said: "The officials of the eyes and ears don't think about it, but cover it up. If something is handed over, it will only attract it. " The mind thinks, but if you don't think, you have. "In fact, this requires us not only to stay in the perceptual stage, but also to get the real connotation (essence) of things through thinking. Mencius also put forward the idea of "reading with doubt", emphasizing that "it is better to believe in books than to have no books" (Mencius).
(5) against your will. This is a way to understand the work. Mencius said: "Therefore, poets do not harm words with words, nor do they harm their ambitions with words;" It is your responsibility to go against your wishes. " (Mencius on Zhang Wan) There are two understandings of this method. One is the explanation of the Qing people. For example, Wu Qi thinks in the article "The Origin of the Conclusion of Six Dynasties Poetry Selection" that "the meaning of the ancients is contrary to its meaning", that is, "seeking the meaning of the ancients with the meaning of the ancients and commenting on poetry with poetry", that is, discussing the works with actual works and analyzing and inferring the author's thoughts. The other is the explanation of most people since the Han Dynasty. It is believed that the "meaning" in "Contrary to the will with meaning" refers to the reader's "meaning" (thoughts, knowledge, experience, etc. For example, the annotation of Mencius is interpreted as "opposing the poet's ambition with my intention", Zhu's annotation of Four Books is interpreted as "opposing the author's ambition with my intention", and Zhu Ziqing's annotation of On Poetry is interpreted as "pushing the author's ambition with my intention".
(6) knowing people and discussing the world. Another way to understand a work. Mencius believes that to understand works correctly, we must also know people and discuss the world. He stressed: "I don't know if I can praise his poems and read his books." It is based on its world. "(Mencius on Zhang Wan) If you want to really understand the works, you must know the author's life experience, thoughts and feelings, personal morality and the times environment in which he lives.
(7) Talk about the regression contract in detail. Mencius said, "if you are knowledgeable and refined, you will make an appointment with irony." . (Mencius Li Lou) The "detailed explanation" here refers to the careful study and detailed explanation of reading materials, that is, the so-called "reading thick books"; "Talking" here refers to a concise summary of the reading content. In detail, you must study deeply and carefully first, and then summarize on this basis until you have a clear grasp.
The basic spirit of Mencius' reading method is:
(1) "Seek the right path and get life". In other words, there are certain rules and methods in reading and learning, and the correct reading method should be determined according to the rules.
(2) Observe and study. That is to understand the learning process itself, so as to "know", that is, to grasp the learning law and adjust your learning behavior at any time to make it conform to the law. If you "walk without thinking, learn without thinking, live without knowing", you will become a mediocre scholar.
Confucius' Reading Method of "Happy Learning"
(1) has a strong thirst for knowledge. Confucius said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy." In fact, this statement emphasizes the importance of cultivating a good studious psychology and a habit of being willing to learn in the learning process.
(2) Returning from Bo. This is a reading method from erudition to intensive research. Confucius said, "A gentleman is knowledgeable in literature, and if he promises it with courtesy, he will also be blessed." The learning process of "learning, asking, thinking, distinguishing and doing" summarized in his later research embodies the reading principle and method of Confucius "returning the contract from the blog".
(3) learn while learning. Confucius said, "Learn from time to time." There are two important interrelated methods. One is to "learn" when studying. Then there is the "time habit". Confucius advocated that reading should have the purpose and method of reading, opposed "reading for reading's sake" and stuck to chapters and sentences.
(4) Combination of learning and thinking. Confucius said, "What can Buddhism do? How did Voss get it? " He also said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." In other words, learning and thinking should not be neglected, but should be paid equal attention to.
5] Combination of learning and doing. People generally focus on the ultimate goal and understand "combining learning with doing" as "applying what they have learned". In fact, it also contains related connotations such as "learning by doing", "learning by doing" and "learning by doing".
[6] Learn new things from old friends. Confucius believes that old knowledge and new knowledge are intrinsically linked, and the process of learning is actually a process of linking old knowledge with new knowledge. He said: "Reviewing the past and learning new things can be a teacher."
I used to break my word. It means that in the process of study and research, it is important to understand the original intention of the work and make clear the idea of the work itself, rather than giving full play to it subjectively and attaching importance to it.
Keep silent and know it. Silence is meditation; Knowledge is remembering on the basis of understanding. "What is it for me to know silently?" I mean, secretly thinking, secretly remembering … can't stop me! This reading method is also called "meditation".
9. Be consistent. Confucius not only advocated learning more and combining learning with thinking, but also stressed the need to integrate what he had learned and turn it into a theory that can be put into practice and a guide to action. He repeatedly stressed that "giving is consistent" and "my way is consistent". ⑽ draw inferences from one instance to another. Confucius said, "Take a dime, and if you don't turn it into a triangle, you will never see it." There is also "knowing the class", which means "drawing inferences from others". Confucius' reading method is a huge system, and its basic spirit is: the unity of reading and learning, the unity of the principle and practice of reading and learning, the unity of intellectual factors and non-intellectual factors in the learning process, and the unity of reading and non-reading learning.
Su Dongpo's reading method of "being attacked on all sides"
"Surrounded by enemies" is a reading method that grasps a center and only concentrates on solving a problem. The inventor was Su Shi, a famous writer in Song Dynasty.
He believes that when people study, they often feel that there is useful knowledge everywhere, just like being "surrounded by enemies", and "people can't have all their energy, but they get what they want." So scholars make one intention at a time. "That is to say, in the vast amount of knowledge, every time you study, you only need a little, so later generations also call it" seeking the law "or" attacking the law "because it only focuses on one center and solves one problem at a time, so it is easy to concentrate, penetrate deeply and completely break through an" enemy ". Like a war, break the enemy into parts, break them one by one, and break through one "enemy" at a time. This reading method is to grasp the main contradiction and consider the problem strategically. According to historical records, the specific method is: "Try Su Wenzhong (Su Shi posthumous title) and say,' Can you learn from the public?' Yue:' Yes, I have tasted Hanshu, which covers from beginning to end, such as governing the country, people-oriented, geography, official system, art of war, financial loans and so on. Don't wait to count, but everything is fine. "This reading method is directional reading, step by step, and long-term persistence will be beneficial.
Li Dazhao's Reading Method of "String Money"
Li Dazhao was an early Marxist of our Party, and once served as the director of Peking University Library. He had vivid metaphors about how to read. It is said that there are two ways to read: one is to search chapters and extract sentences, read carefully and study every paragraph or even every word, and some teachers have written tens of thousands of words of research papers. Its disadvantage is that you can't see the forest when you see the tree, but you lose the watermelon when you pick up sesame and mung beans, but you ignore the main idea and idea in the book. The other is to look at the main idea without seeking a very detailed solution. Such people can grasp the main things in the book, absorb, enrich and improve themselves, but they don't do the work of searching chapters and sentences. The former is like having a room full of loose money, but lacking a rope to tie it. The latter kind of person, on the contrary, has only one rope and lacks a tie line. Li Dazhao believes that the correct way is to unify the two, not only to study individual key chapters and phrases, but also to be good at understanding the main viewpoints and positions, that is, the more money, the better, and the colorful rope, both of which are indispensable.
Mao Zedong's reading methods of "three readings and four temperaments" and "no pen and ink, no reading"
Mao Zedong cherished time all his life, read widely and achieved fruitful results. The most striking reading method is the close connection between book knowledge and practice, "three hours and four temperatures" reading and "no pen and ink", among which "three hours and four temperatures" reading is based on his strong thirst for knowledge all his life. "He was not only familiar with famous ancient books such as Historical Records and Hanshu when he was young, but also kept revisiting them when he was old. Even in his later years, he still read the same history book he loved over and over again, and he often kept reading it, and he had the habit of drawing circles on the cover after reading it once. As for "no pen and ink, no reading", it is Mao Zedong's "learning from the teacher Xu Teli, and insisting on reading habits all his life since his youth". Teenagers have the habit of "reading more" when they are studying, that is, "reading more, thinking more, writing more and asking more questions" (Gong Yuzhi's Reading Life in Mao Zedong). Among them, "writing more" means taking more reading notes. Look at his reading notes in the following forms: (1) excerpt. When I was studying in my early years, I wrote "lecture notes" in class and "reading notes" by myself after class. The whole article was selected and copied, and several baskets were accumulated. During the Yan 'an period, after reading Ai Siqi's Philosophy and Life, Mao Zedong recorded about 3,000 words of arguments in the book. (2) marking. Every time you read a book, draw circles, bars, dots and other symbols in important places. In his early years, he read Principles of Ethics written by German Bauer and translated by Cai Yuanpei. Word by word, the whole book is marked with symbols such as circles, bars, dots, horizontal bars, parallel bars, triangles and forks. Many paragraphs and chapters of the books read in Yan 'an period, such as * * * Declaration, Capital, Critique of Gotha Program, Selected Works of Lenin, State and Revolution, Notes on Lenin's Dialectics, Selected Works of Stalin, are circled and crossed. (3) Notes. The book Principles of Ethics has a total of 654.38+10,000 words, but his comment on writing in neat fine print in the margin and between the lines has more than 65,438+0,265,438+0,000 words. Mao Zedong wrote a comment of 13000 words on the two versions of Dialectical Materialism Course he read during Yan 'an period. There are not only approved comments, but also some extensions and developments of integrating ideas with practice. (4) read a diary. 1937, Mao Zedong read Li Da's Outline of Sociology and thought it was the first textbook of Marxist philosophy written by China people themselves. He read repeatedly and began to write a reading diary that had been interrupted for many years. At the beginning, he wrote: "I haven't written a diary for twenty years." I want to start again today, in order to urge myself to learn a little knowledge. " Look at Li Da's Outline of Sociology, 65438+ 10/7. Yesterday, I read the first article Dialectics of Materialism, 1-385. Today I began to read the second article, as a scientific historical materialism, on page 387-4 16. "Since then, he has carefully recorded his reading progress every day. (5) correct mistakes. Incorrect views or materials that are improperly quoted in books are often corrected in the form of notes. For example, The Biography of Xu Yougong in the New Tang Dynasty says, "Life is like a kitchen, how to cherish it?" Mao Zedong thinks this is inappropriate, pointing out that in history, people with lofty ideals "died without regret, which is not great! In the commentary of A Course of Dialectical Materialism, Mao Zedong pointed out its inaccuracies in short words, such as "this situation is not clear" and so on.
Lu Xun's method of "studying hard"
Lu Xun read widely all his life. In addition to political theory and literary works, he also dabbled in books on natural science, social science, cultural relics archaeology, aesthetics and even Buddhism. The main points of his reading method are:
(1). "Young people who love reading can read books outside their jobs, that is, extra-curricular books, and don't just hold books in class. ..... I have finished my homework and have leisure time, so I can read all kinds of books, even if it has nothing to do with my industry. For example, if you study science, you will read literature books, and if you study literature, you will read science books ... so that you can have a deeper understanding of others and other things. " ("Reading Miscellaneous Talks") and advocate "learning from others", instead of focusing on one person's work, "you must pick many flowers like honey, so that you can brew honey. If you bite in one place, your income will be limited and boring. " (To Yan Liming) Advocate "browsing casually" in your spare time to increase your knowledge and broaden your horizons. At the same time, we should also pay attention to reading negative things, "books that are obviously opposite to our own views, outdated books" should also be read twice. "Turn it over, turn it over more, there will be a comparison. Comparison is a good cure for deception. " ("Turn it over")
(2) look carefully. Read what is difficult, and keep reading until you understand it. "Learning a foreign language must not be put down every day. It is not enough just to remember new words and grammar. Look carefully. For example, a book is difficult to read, while turning over new words and reciting grammar. Naturally, I can't understand it after reading it, so I put it down and read something else. After a few months or half a year, I definitely know more than the first time. " (To White Grass) When you encounter something you don't understand for a while, you should skip reading and "study hard" by contacting the above or even the full text until you understand it. "If you have doubts and only look at that place, no matter how long it takes, you won't understand. So jump over and move on, so that even the place ahead is understood. " When Lu Xun translated books, he formed an indissoluble bond with reference books and collected a large number of foreign reference books with a complete range.
(3) specialization. Lu Xun advocated "extensive reading" as the basis, "and then choose to enter one or several specialized disciplines that he likes". Study deeply. Otherwise, it will become "juggling". Although there are many books, they accomplish nothing. A Brief History of China's Novels, Ancient Novels, Legends of Tang and Song Dynasties and Notes on Old Events compiled by him can be regarded as a model of professional reading.
(4) On-site reading. Lu Xun advocated independent thinking, observation and practice in reading. He pointed out: "Reading dead books harms yourself, and opening your mouth harms others" ("Reading Several Books"). He said: "It is harmful to read only, so we must get in touch with society and make the books we read come alive." You should "think for yourself and observe for yourself. If you only read books, you will become a bookcase. Even if you find it interesting, that interest is actually hardening and dying out. "(Read Miscellaneous Talk). And advocate "paying attention to the world" (maritime communication). "Read this book that lives in the world with your own eyes" (reading miscellaneous talks).
(5) reading. Lu Xun not only read the Selected Works, but also read the author's biographies and albums, so as to understand his time and position and deepen his understanding of his works. He said: "I always think that if you want a paper, it is best to take into account the whole article, as well as the author's whole person and his social state." This is more conclusive. " (7) "To see literary works, first look at the works of several famous artists, from which you think whose works you like best, then look at the author's picture album, and then look at his position in the history of literature; If you want to know more details, just read one or two biographies of this person, and you can have a general understanding. "
Wu Han's Reading Method of "Picking Cards"
Wu Han believes: "Young people should have ambitions and write books, and they will not achieve anything without diligent goals." There are two ways to read. One is "searching for chapters and sentences", which is very careful to read, but often "only the trees can't see the forest", just like a room full of money is missing a bunch of money; One is "looking at the main idea without asking for details", lacking the meticulous work of finding chapters and sentences, just like having rope but no money to string. The correct way is to "unify the two" and combine "breadth and depth" organically. So he wanted to "read more and study hard, but be good at reading" (talking about reading). He reads books and likes to take notes. Whenever you find valuable information, you copy it in your notebook. Later, I remembered more, and gradually found that there was something wrong with this method, mainly because all kinds of information were copied in the notebook, which was unclear and chaotic. The next time I want to use a material, I can't find it in a thick notebook for a long time. Wu Han then used cards to record information. So I always have a stack of cards with me. When reading books and newspapers, whenever you encounter valuable information, copy it on the card. Each card only records one thing and one paragraph, and records the source. Over time, if you have more cards, you will keep them according to the content. He personally sorted out tens of thousands of cards, like a bank savings card, storing a lot of information and taking it at any time when needed. He has three ways to make cards. One is to record the names and page numbers of books and periodicals for reference. The second is to summarize the contents of the record; The third is to copy the original. When he wants to study a problem, he takes out the cards about the problem, makes a comparative analysis, finds the problem and discusses it. He once gave an example: many people in history said that Cao Cao was not good, but Emperor Taizong said that Cao Cao was good. How can we evaluate Cao Cao objectively, correctly and fairly? This depends on the card you have collected for a long time. This combines the strengths of many economists and puts forward their own unique views.
Hua's reading method of "thickness"
Mr. Hua, a famous mathematician in China, advocates that reading is divided into two steps: the first step is "from thin to thick", that is, reading should be down-to-earth, and every concept and theorem should be traced back to the source. In this way, a thin book becomes "thick" because of its many contents, that is, "from thin to thick". More important than this step is the second step: learn to analyze, summarize, grasp the essence, grasp the whole, and achieve mastery. In this way, after careful analysis, you will feel that there are not many things that should really be remembered, that is, "from coarse to fine." Reading, only by learning the process of "from thin to thick" and then "from thick to thin", can we really improve efficiency.
Yang Zhenning's "Infiltration" Reading Method
Chinese-American physicist Dr. Yang Zhenning (1922-) cooperated with Li Zhengdao in 1956 to put forward the principle of parity non-conservation of weak interaction, which made an important contribution to the study of elementary particle physics. The following year, he and Li Zhengdao won the Nobel Prize in Physics. Yang Zhenning believes that the learning method is nothing more than "infiltration" reading and "step by step" regular reading. He believes that knowledge is mutual infiltration and expansion, and the method of mastering knowledge should also be adapted to this. When you concentrate on studying a course or delving into a subject, if you consciously extend your wisdom to the adjacent knowledge fields, there will inevitably be different artistic conception. In those familiar knowledge chains, if you connect a link in the unfamiliar new knowledge chain, you are likely to get unexpected new discoveries. Therefore, as long as time and energy allow, he will read books on related majors, and it doesn't matter if he doesn't understand them for the time being. Some valuable revelations may come from semi-communication. He said that this "can be said to be a permeable learning method. There are some things you don't quite understand, but after reading them several times, you will unconsciously absorb them. This is a very important learning method. Especially for cutting-edge science, this is one of the necessary and indispensable learning methods. " It is also suggested that people "set aside some time to go to the library every week" and read magazines. Read more, they can master your infiltration learning method, broaden their horizons, activate their thinking, and draw inferences from others.
Einstein's "Forgetting Books" Method
Einstein often forgets something consciously when he is reading. He has been fascinated by physics since he was a child. After he became a physicist, he was asked about the composition of stainless steel. He suggested: "check the metallurgical manual." Einstein was asked how many miles it is from new york to Chicago. Einstein said, "I'm really sorry, I can't remember." Of course, you can check the railway traffic. " Obviously, Einstein once browsed books such as metallurgical manuals and railway traffic, but he couldn't remember the most basic data. Einstein explained, "I never remember what I had in the dictionary." Einstein's reading method is: find out what can lead him to the depths in the books he reads, and throw away everything that will overload his mind and make him deviate from the main point. In this way, we can extract the essence from the rough, grasp the main points and absorb the useful core things. For general materials, only remember the "house number", know where to find what materials, no longer recite, share part of the memory task with books, and focus on remembering the most important and commonly used knowledge. He once read a geometry textbook and immediately explained the main points in the book. Someone asked him what he thought of the book, and he said, "Grasp the flesh and blood of the book and lose the fur of the book."
Excerpts from Hegel's classified reading method
Hegel likes reading serious books, and has developed a good habit, which is to extract what he has read in detail on a loose leaf, and then classify it according to linguistics, aesthetics, mathematics, psychology, history, theology and philosophy. Each category is arranged in strict alphabetical order. All the excerpts are put in a labeled folder. In this way, whatever information you need to extract can be found immediately. These folders accompany the philosopher's life. Hegel's reading method is quite beneficial. When many people read a book, they leave a book and a pile of books, which is chaotic. Some people copy notes and cards and pile them up. There is no system. Once you want to consult a book or a certain material, you can't find it after a long time, but Hegel wrote it on loose-leaf paper and arranged it systematically for easy reference. This good habit is of great benefit to reading.
Suhomlinski's reading method of "around the problem"
Suhomlinski (19 18- 1970) is a Soviet educator and a member of the School of Communication of the Soviet Institute of Education. He engaged in educational work and educational scientific research all his life, and made outstanding contributions to the development of education in the Soviet Union. His main works are "Dedicating the Mind to Children" and "The Spiritual World of Students". He always studies with some problems in the field of education, tirelessly extracts "essence" from monographs on pedagogy, psychology, educational history and various educational methods, and then edits them into special research notes and writes papers in different categories. His works are known as "the encyclopedia of the school". He said: "In the face of a sea of books and periodicals, we should choose the books and periodicals we read very strictly and carefully. Be good at limiting the reading range and excluding books and periodicals that may destroy the learning system. "Reading around questions is a good way to choose books, reading special topics and deepening the effect.