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An overview of the history of Southern Song Dynasty
In A.D. 1 127, the ninth son survived the Jingkang Revolution, with its capital in Tianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), and the country name was still Song Dynasty, which was called the Southern Song Dynasty in history. 1 138, the song dynasty moved south to Lin' an prefecture (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). Xu Jin went south several times, but failed to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty. The Northern Expedition failed in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Southern Song Dynasty confronted Xu Jin. In A.D. 1 14 1, Song and Jin reached a peace agreement in Shaoxing. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the area north of the Huaihe River was abandoned and the Huaihe River-Dasanguan was the dividing line between the two sides. In the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty, traitors were frequent, the government was corrupt, and Mongolians in Mobei grassland began to rise.
1206 Genghis Khan unified Mobei grassland to establish Mongolia, and 12 1 1 year began a large-scale invasion of the Jin Dynasty. 12 18 destroys the western Liao, 1227 destroys the western Xia, and 1234 destroys the gold. 1235, Mongolia invaded the Southern Song Dynasty, and the soldiers and civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty fought to the death. Until 1276 was captured in Lin 'an, and 1279 Song Jun was defeated in the naval battle of Yashan. Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea with Emperor Zhao Min at the end of the Song Dynasty, and the Southern Song Dynasty ended.
The Southern Song Dynasty followed the Northern Song Dynasty in many fields, such as politics and military affairs. A series of measures to strengthen centralization in central and local power, bureaucracy, justice and military power. On the basis of recruiting defeated soldiers and loyal soldiers in the military, we started the road of military reconstruction, and finally formed several powerful military forces, so Yue Jiajun and Han Jiajun appeared.
Although the Southern Song Dynasty was located in the south of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, it was a dynasty with prosperous economy and culture and a high degree of opening to the outside world in the history of China. The direct cause of the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty was the devastating impact of nomadic people on the advanced relations of production in the Song Dynasty, which made the eastern advanced civilization, which had been in the rising stage, gradually decline.
An overview of the history of Northern Song Dynasty
In the seventh year of Xiande (960), the generals of the later Zhou Dynasty launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, made Zhao Kuangyin emperor, established the Song Dynasty, made Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo its capital, and changed it to Stegosaurus. Later, the military power was released through a glass of wine, and the general power and financial power were concentrated in the central government, avoiding the chaotic situation of the separatist regime in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. But it also led to the defeat of the Song Dynasty in the war with Liao, Xixia and Jin. In the first year of Jingkang (1 126), the disaster of Jingkang occurred, and the following year was destroyed by the state of Jin.
The northeast of the Northern Song Dynasty is bounded by Haihe River in Bazhou, Hebei Province and Yanmenguan in Shanxi Province. The northwest is bounded by Hengshan Mountain in Shaanxi, East Gansu and Huangshui in Qinghai. The southwest is bounded by Minshan and Dadu River. Song Shenzong opened the Xihe River to recover Hehuang, and Song Huizong designated Longyou as the capital of Khufu in northern Qinghai, and redeemed the seven states of Youyun with heavy money.
The political system of the Song Dynasty generally followed the political system of the Tang Dynasty, adopting the decentralization mode, with many people as prime ministers, and implementing the official system of separating official titles from actual positions, which played an important role in safeguarding national unity and also caused the situation of "accumulating poverty and accumulating weakness". ? [6]?
Some people think that the Northern Song Dynasty was the most prosperous economic and cultural era in the ancient history of China. Confucianism is revived, science and technology are advancing by leaps and bounds, politics is more enlightened, and economy and culture are prosperous. In the third year of Xianping (1000), the GDP was $26.55 billion, accounting for 22.7% of the world, and the per capita GDP was $450, exceeding the Western Europe's $400 at that time. During the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the popularity of Zhancheng rice, the population increased rapidly from 3,765,438+million in the five years of Taiping and Xingguo (980) to 1 124/260,000 in the six years of Xuanhe.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, foreign relations developed further on the basis of the Tang Dynasty. In East Asia, they have close exchanges with North Korea and Japan. In Southeast Asia, they have also strengthened their ties with Vietnam and Indonesia, which has also affected West Asia and Africa.
Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia: Northern Song Dynasty? Baidu Encyclopedia: Southern Song Dynasty