First, Zhoukoudian ape-man is not the ancestor of modern China people.
Traditionally, people all over the world originated from several independent regions, and it has been 3 million years since they first evolved into human beings. This view has long been questioned. They think that the civilizations of North Africa, West Asia, South Asia and East Asia, which first entered the agricultural civilization, are only one or two thousand years apart. If the primitive humans in these areas all originated "independently" two or three million years ago, then they have hardly made any progress in countless generations, but they all entered civilized society in the last 10 thousand years, and the time gap is less than one thousandth of their entire history, which is really incredible. This fact can easily make people think that the time of human origin may be much later than 3 million years, perhaps only tens of thousands of years. Considering that the expressions of emotions and sorrows of different ethnic groups around the world are almost the same (nodding their heads to express affirmation and shaking their heads to express negation is more valuable for discussion), it is certain that they have a common ancestor. If so, they may have gradually spread from a central area to all parts of the world in recent tens of thousands of years. If the fossils found by archaeologists all over the world from hundreds of thousands of years ago to two or three million years ago can be regarded as "human" fossils, then the descendants of these "fossil people" certainly no longer exist. The Egyptians, Babylonians, Indians and China who created ancient civilizations in the Nile Valley, the Two Rivers Valley, the Indus Valley and the Yellow River Valley thousands of years ago are definitely not descendants of these "fossil people".
Life Times reported on June 7, 2000 that researchers from Stanford University in the United States selected 1000 men from 22 different regions of the world, analyzed their Y chromosomes, and sorted their maternal genetic materials. The results show that different races have a common female ancestor who lived 1.43 million years ago, while the male ancestor lived 59,000 years ago. Humans walked out of Africa about 44,000 years ago and went to the whole world. Faced with this latest scientific research achievement, archaeologists claim that the achievement of genetic research is only a possibility and cannot be used as evidence to deny archaeological conclusions. Only archaeological achievements have the meaning of final evidence.
In fact, this position of archaeologists is quite ridiculous. In all fairness, unbiased scholars and even middle school students are willing to believe the results of genetic research and doubt archaeological conclusions. Believe it or not, anyway, the author thinks that the ape-man who lived in Zhoukoudian hundreds of thousands of years ago (not to mention Yuanmou man 1.7 million years ago) is not our ancestor before the three emperors and five emperors in China. So, how did modern humans come into being? Where are the descendants of those ancient apes discovered by archaeology?
Second, the long-term accumulation of biological variation cannot produce new species.
/kloc-one of the great achievements of scientific research in the 0/9th century is that Darwin put forward the theory of evolution. Evolution theory can explain many biological phenomena, so it was quickly accepted by people. Darwin believed that the long-term accumulation of favorable variation of biological adaptation to the environment can produce new species, and evolution is gradual in nature. Humans evolved from apes a long time ago.
Over the past 100 years, the development of science has greatly enriched and perfected the theory of evolution, and also corrected many wrong views of Darwin. In recent years, some biologists have pointed out that Darwin's theory of evolution has never been proved, but only believed. As we know, modern apes are very different from humans (apes have tails and humans have no tails). According to the point of view of gradual evolution, there should be many intermediate links (such as the tail gradually shortening until it disappears) from apes to humans, and these links should be verified by corresponding fossils. But in fact, the existence of these intermediate links has not been confirmed by millions of fossils found in archaeological work in the past hundred years. The more general conclusion of fossil research is that the evolution of any organism is jumping, not continuous. This conclusion makes people doubt the view that apes "gradually" evolved into "people". It is said that a scientist cut off the tail of a newborn mouse in order to study whether biological variation can accumulate. They mate with each other and cut off their tails after giving birth to the second generation ... They have experimented for more than 50 generations, but each generation has a tail like their ancestors, and there is no new species of "tailless mouse". Although this experimental result can't completely deny the idea of gradual evolution of organisms, it will undoubtedly make people doubt the statement that "biological variation accumulates for a long time to produce new species". From the genetic principle, this experiment is actually unnecessary, because no matter how many generations the tail of mice has been cut off, their germ cells still contain genes that can grow tails, and the "characteristics" of "tailless" do not have genetic ability.
Third, human beings are not the product of hybridization.
Since Darwin put forward the idea that human beings originated from apes, it has been gradually accepted by most people in the world. Because human beings live on land, among terrestrial animals, there are several apes (apes) that are most similar to human beings, so as long as we think that organisms evolved, we can only attribute the origin of human beings to apes. However, many people think that human beings are more similar to aquatic animals from the characteristics of having no tail and hair at birth and having sex between men and women in adulthood, so they assert that human beings originated from aquatic animals rather than apes. However, the theory of aquatic animals cannot explain why human beings have changed from aquatic to terrestrial. So some people think that human beings may be produced by hybridization between aquatic animals and terrestrial animals.
This idea is ridiculous, because only people who don't even have the most basic biological knowledge can imagine hybridization. Physiologically speaking, aquatic animals are far from terrestrial animals, and there is almost no possibility of male and female mating between aquatic species and terrestrial species in natural state; To say the least, even if males and females occasionally mate, it is impossible for them to produce hybrid offspring because of their distant genetic relationship; To say the least, even if hybrid offspring can be born, these offspring will not be able to continue to reproduce, so they will soon tend to perish. We know that people mate horses and donkeys with similar shapes and close kinship among large livestock, resulting in a new species of mule stronger than horses and donkeys; The staff of the Indian Zoo mated a lion and a tiger with similar size and close kinship, and gave birth to "liger". However, all these "new" species obtained by hybridization lost their reproductive ability. As a result, mules and liger died. Therefore, exploring the origin of human beings from the perspective of hybridization is a dead end with no exit.
Four, gene combination and mutation to produce human beings
Since human beings can't be the product of hybridization, it can only be the result of gene mutation. Modern biology believes that only new species produced after gene mutation can maintain fertility and pass on new characteristics to future generations. Gene mutation is quite common in biology, and there are many examples in humans. The most typical one is the "crab family" that once existed in North America.
Hundreds of years ago, after an English woman who immigrated to North America recovered from illness, all the boys and girls were born with limbs like crab claws. They lived among normal people and were discriminated against because of their physical defects, so they moved to the deep mountains and forests to live. Because I can't get married normally, I have to have children with my brothers and sisters as my spouses. As a result, all my descendants have the same limbs. After several generations, it has developed into a "crab family" of nearly 200 people. At this time, someone in the "crab family" accidentally gave birth to a completely normal boy (probably atavism, returning to normal humans). When the boy was a teenager, his family let him integrate into society and lead a normal life, so he went out of the mountains to a nearby city and married a normal woman. Surprisingly, the child he gave birth to with a normal woman has limbs like crab claws. Normal women are so angry that they throw their children to death in a rage. After the tragic news reached the "crab family", all the people burst into tears, complaining that God was unfair to them, and jointly vowed never to get married and have children. Decades later, the "crab family" disappeared from the earth.
What enlightenment can the emergence and disappearance of the "crab family" give us? The emergence of "crab family" must be the result of genetic mutation of germ cells after the illness of British immigrant women. Science has proved that the virus has the ability to "transfer" genes from one organism to another, so it is likely that the woman was infected with the virus carrying the "crab" gene, which led to genetic mutation in the germ cells. Since normal humans can mutate into "Crab Family", other species can also mutate into humans. Since human beings have both genes of aquatic animals and genes of terrestrial animals, it means that some kind of virus "passed" and combined the genes of aquatic animals and terrestrial animals. If this hypothesis is correct, then the infected species should be the direct "ancestors" of human beings. So which species may be infected? Because aquatic animals can't live on land, but many terrestrial animals like to swim and play in the water, it is more likely that terrestrial animals (in water) will be infected with viruses carrying the genetic genes of aquatic animals. The direct ancestor of human beings should be terrestrial animals. The fact that humans live on land also shows that their ancestors should be terrestrial animals. Because if aquatic animals are the ancestors of human beings, when did they evolve to live on land?
From the point of view of biological evolution, the characteristics produced by gene mutation may be beneficial to survival competition or unfavorable to survival competition. Because of gene mutation, new species are regarded as "heterogeneous" among the original species, and the "rejection" of the original species makes it difficult for them to survive, and most of them are eliminated by natural selection. As far as the "crab family" is concerned, they have the ability to survive in the new environment, but they are forced to withdraw from the historical stage because they are not allowed to be in the normal human society. We can imagine that if the earliest "people", like the "crab family", do not have the survival advantage in the competition with other animals in nature, they will soon be eliminated by natural selection and become passers-by in the history of biology. Fortunately, however, human beings actually have extraordinary adaptability and competitive advantage in survival. As a result, after just tens of thousands of years of reproduction, they have migrated and spread to all corners of the world where they can survive and become undisputed masters on the earth.
Fifth, the scientific nature of human homologous thought.
Gene mutation is extremely accidental. It is almost impossible for two individuals of the same species to have the same gene mutation at the same time, so it is difficult to find the same gene mutation in evolutionary history. Therefore, it is difficult for us to imagine that several individuals of a species have the same mutation in different parts of the earth and each has produced human beings.
From this point of view, it can be said that the results of gene sequencing by American scientists completely confirm the idea of scientific reasoning, which is of great significance to scientifically clarify the origin of human beings. In other words, the conclusion that all human beings originated from the same female ancestor completely conforms to the general principle of gene mutation, and is also similar to the situation of "crab" women. The difference is that the limbs of boys and girls born to the primitive ancestors of the "crab family" have also undergone the same changes. As a result of the genetic mutation of human female ancestors, girls have undergone physiological changes, while boys have not evolved after many generations (tens of thousands of years). How did men evolve later? We don't know. If it is also because of virus infection, then according to the contingency of gene mutation, only one man's gene must have mutated at the earliest, and his male offspring also had the same physical changes after the mutation, so both men and women have evolved into real human beings. In this way, the man who was originally infected with the virus should be the male ancestor of human beings.
However, there may be another situation, that is, the female gene still has a mutation (the second mutation). Since then, just like the ancestors of the crab family, her boys and girls have evolved into real humans. In this way, there are no only male ancestors, only female ancestors. However, the female ancestor with the first genetic mutation cannot be called the direct ancestor of "human".
Sixth, the "ancestors" of mankind have long been extinct.
We know that the "AIDS" virus is posing a serious threat to human survival. In the era of confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, the two countries accused each other of creating the virus through biological weapons research. However, after excluding political factors, it was learned that the virus may have been transmitted from African orangutans to humans. It is said that the virus itself did not "appear" only now, but existed for tens of thousands of years. They have no destructive effect on the body of African orangutans, but they have caused devastating harm to human beings. In recent years, mankind has mobilized all possible means to treat AIDS patients and control the spread of the disease, but the results are still not great. Some people even think that the "AIDS" virus is a biological force that forces human genes to mutate. If the body can't produce mutations that make the virus ineffective, human beings may be completely destroyed by this virus.
Although this view is a bit sensational, it makes sense to think about it carefully. Suppose that human beings were infected with this disease 500 years ago. At that time, human beings did not have any scientific means to understand and resist it. It is very likely that it will be quickly destroyed by this terrible virus, thus making the earth a world of wild animals again, unless some individuals have genetic mutations and have the ability to naturally resist HIV, thus evolving into a more advanced species ... The author believes that when modern humans originated, Perhaps a virus wiped out the "pre-human" (fossil man) who lived for two or three million years in the past, just because the virus no longer had a (destructive) effect on the individual's body after gene mutation, and as a result, the offspring of this individual survived, which is the real human being. Those "pre-humans" without gene mutation were all wiped out by irresistible viruses (none left), and tens of thousands of years of natural evolution have lost their traces of existence. As a result, it is difficult for modern human beings to find their "ancestors" or "close relatives", so some people think that human beings originated from terrestrial animals ("topic"), while others think that human beings originated from aquatic animals ("antithesis").
Because "the topic" and "the antithesis" can't fully explain why human beings have the characteristics of aquatic and terrestrial animals, and people can't unify them into a convincing "combined topic", so some people suggest that human beings originated from exotic creatures. In fact, the explanation of "alien biological theory" is simple and clear, but if you think about it carefully, it is a kind of "cancelism", which makes people give up their efforts to scientifically explain the origin of human beings. This statement is not as good as simply relying on religious teachings to attribute the birth of mankind to God. Doing scientific research cannot be satisfied with this statement. The author believes that although it is impossible for human beings to "prove" the process of their own origin, it is entirely possible to outline the most possible path of human evolution according to the results of scientific discovery and discussion, and this day is not far away.
This is human history.
Mainly according to the east and west, ancient and modern,
Basically, the world history described by our country does not mention Africa and South America, or this part is relatively small.
The main line is the development history of western countries, especially Europe, from Greece and Rome to the Middle Ages and then to modern Britain, France and Germany.
The East is a brief history of India, China and Japan.
Ancient history will also mention the civilizations of Babylon and Persia in the Middle East.
I don't know where the messy part you said is.
But basically, the modern history from the British bourgeois revolution is not so chaotic. .
I can only say so much.
With such a long history, who can fully summarize it in a few words?
It is best to be interested in reading.
It is recommended to look at the classification by country.
Or European history or something
World history is always discussed from the development of productive forces and the resulting class and class struggle, as well as the conflict between culture and religious belief. It pays more attention to the law of the development of the objective world. The history of human beings mainly starts with the understanding of human beings and their surrounding environment, and studies the development process of human beings through the interaction between people and between people and environment. Its research is unified all over the world, and there is no difference between nations and races, while world history is different.