Methods of analyzing historical events
An analysis of the causes of historical events
1. There are seven main reasons for historical events in the ancient history of China: historical factors, political factors, economic factors, ethnic relations, foreign relations, ideological and cultural factors and personal subjective factors.
For example, the unification of the Qin Dynasty.
Historical factors: during the merger war in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the reduction in the number of countries meant partial reunification.
Political factors have been at war for a long time, and the people are miserable and eager for reunification.
Economic factors The development of social productive forces during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, especially after Shang Yang's political reform in Qin State, gradually became stronger, the country became prosperous and the army became strong.
Ethnic factors During the merger war in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, ethnic ties and ethnic integration were strengthened.
External relations factors: the strategic strategy of attacking far and defending near.
Ideological and cultural factors Han Feizi's autocratic monarchy and centralization thought.
Personal subjective factors: Ying Zheng, King of Qin, was brilliant.
Second, how to analyze the process of historical events
There are generally three methods to analyze the process of historical events:
1. Take time as the axis and summarize historical events in the logical order of occurrence, development, climax and ending.
For example, after 4 o'clock in the war: 65438+June 0840, British ships blocked the Pearl River Estuary, and then the war broke out. At the beginning of the year, the British army expanded the war situation and occupied Hong Kong and some cities in the southeast coast with 65438+August 0842. The British army arrived at Xiaguan River in Nanjing, and the Qing government made peace, and the war ended.
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2. Take space as the link and place as the link to summarize.
For example, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China at four points: Langfang, Yangcun Dagu, Tianjin and Beijing.
3. According to the activities of historical figures, it is summarized by the method of treating people with things.
For example, the defence of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom can be grasped by Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng and their actions.
The process of opening up a new air route can be summarized according to the activities of Diaz, Da Gama, Columbus and Magellan.
How to analyze the results of historical events
The results of historical events are generally nothing more than four kinds:
① Success. Such as: the success of the new air route, the victory of the British bourgeois revolution, the victory of China, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the world anti-fascist war.
2 failed. The China War failed, the Westernization Movement went bankrupt, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Boxer Rebellion failed, and the Indian national uprising failed.
There are successes and failures. For example, the Revolution of 1911 and the National Revolution.
(4) victory is invincible, and unbeaten is defeated. In the Sino-French War, China won and France was invincible.
Generally speaking, the result of historical events should be considered from three aspects: one "what" and two "why", that is, what is the result, why is it said to be such a result, and why is it such a result.
Fourthly, how to analyze the influence of historical events?
1. Sub-item analysis: analyze the impact from economic, political, ideological, cultural and diplomatic aspects.
For example, war.
Economic Impact: Before the war, China was a self-sufficient feudal economy. After the war, the western capitalist countries used the privilege of aggression to dump goods and plunder raw materials in China, and gradually involved the China market in the world capitalist market. China's self-sufficient feudal economy gradually disintegrated.
Political influence: changes in social nature, social contradictions, revolutionary tasks and nature.
Ideological influence: the new trend of thought of "learning from the west" has sprouted.
Diplomatic influence: From closed door to open door, independent China began to become a semi-colonial country with incomplete sovereignty. The relationship between capitalist powers and China is no longer an equal relationship between sovereign States, but a relationship between aggression and being invaded, enslaved and enslaved. "The Qing government obeyed the people of China, but the foreign bourgeoisie obeyed the people of China. This is the essence of many treaty privileges. "
2. Comprehensive analysis: If it is divided into two parts, we should not only see the positive effects, but also see the negative effects or limitations, and we should also distinguish between primary and secondary.
For example, the positive impact of the war: economically, the gradual disintegration of China's self-sufficient feudal economy has had a positive impact on the rise of Chinese national capitalism; Ideologically, the germination of new ideas.
Another example is the positive influence of the Sino-Japanese War: politically, it promoted the awakening of the Chinese nation, so there were the Reform Movement of 1898, the Boxer Rebellion and the Revolution of 1911. Economically, imperialist economic aggression intensified, and China's social and natural economy further disintegrated, which objectively provided conditions for the development of national capitalism; think
In fact, there have been bourgeois reform ideas, bourgeois revolutionary ideas, and simple anti-imperialist ideas of the peasant class ("helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries").
3. Internationalization analysis: the influence of China on foreign countries, the influence of foreign countries on China, and the combination of China and foreign countries.
Such as the impact of war on Britain and the world:
Britain defeated Britain, dumped goods to China by virtue of unequal treaties, plundered raw materials from China, and promoted the development of British capitalist economy.
For the world, it is an important part of the initial formation of the capitalist world system, such as the influence of the industrial revolution on China. Politically, after the first industrial revolution and two wars launched by European and American powers, China began to become a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society; Economically, modern industry came into being (or westernization enterprises and national capital enterprises, or China capitalism); Ideologically, advanced China people learn science and technology from the West.
4, transformation analysis: that is, learning to migrate and upgrade will transform thinking. There are two situations:
The first is to turn special influence into universal influence, such as thinking about the West after the industrial revolution from the influence of war.
What influence did the invasion of China by foreign powers have on China? Reflections on the influence of Qin Shihuang's unification of six countries on ancient China.
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Second, universal influence is transformed into special influence.
For example, the impact of the opening of the new air route is discussed in textbooks (bringing disaster to the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America: politically, European colonists began to control and infiltrate Asia, Africa and Latin America; Economically, economic exploitation and plunder; Ideologically and culturally, the cultural lifestyle has gradually changed.
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What about the impact on China? First, politically, Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch successively came to China's frontier from the sea to carry out aggressive activities, which brought disasters to the people of China and closed the rulers of Ming and Qing Dynasties to the outside world. Second, in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, high-yield crops from the United States were introduced to China through the Philippines, which laid a material foundation for the rapid population growth in the Qing Dynasty. Thirdly, Catholicism was introduced into China from the sea and appeared in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The situation of western learning spreading to the east.
5. Interdisciplinary analysis: Interdisciplinary influence, that is, the influence of historical events on politics and geography.
The influence of.
For example, China's ancient land reclamation was politically conducive to easing class contradictions and stabilizing the political situation. Geographically,
It has had a negative impact on the ecological environment.
Another example is the British industrial revolution, which consolidated the capitalist system politically and started the urbanization process geographically, bringing about problems such as population, resources and environment.
Analyze the causes of historical events
First, find out the causal relationship.
All historical events are not isolated, but interrelated and mutually causal. For example, in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the ruling class adopted a policy of rest and recuperation, and "the rule of culture and scenery" appeared. This is by no means the "kindness" of the ruling class, but the great power shown by the peasant war at the end of Qin Dynasty. In order to maintain feudal rule and learn from the historical lessons of Qin's death, the rulers of the Western Han Dynasty adopted a policy of temporarily reducing the exploitation of farmers. This is the inevitability of the emergence of the "cultural scene law". Because the Wenjing period reduced the burden on farmers, improved the production conditions and was conducive to the development of social productive forces, the social and economic development of the Western Han Dynasty and the prosperity of the national strength during the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appeared. All these historical events are mutually causal, and at the same time, in addition to the "vertical" internal relations, historical events often show "horizontal" relations. For example, the May 4th Movement occurred because of both domestic historical conditions and the influence of the Russian October Revolution on China. It is precisely because of the victory of the October Revolution that the intellectuals who had a preliminary ideology in China were encouraged and found the direction and road. In a word, grasping the vertical and horizontal relationship between historical events is a key to analyze historical events.
Second, analyze the conditions of the incident.
Historical events are not accidental. It is independent of human will. It is very important to analyze the conditions of historical events and find out their causes for a deep understanding of the nature and development process of historical events. The premise of analyzing and evaluating historical events is to fully understand. The effective setting of historical situation is an important way to understand historical events.
As a fact that happened in the past, history exists objectively and cannot be repeated. Non-reappearance is the characteristic of history, but subject to the middle school textbooks and students' reality, historical facts are generally brief. It is difficult for middle school students to fully understand those ancient knowledge, and the best way to solve this problem is to reproduce the scene. Through a certain amount of data collection, combined with students' cognitive situation, teachers use various teaching methods to contextualize the history of the past hundreds of thousands of years, and then let students truly perceive historical figures and events under specific time and space conditions, and sort out the living habits and national customs that have experienced human society. Only by going back to history and perceiving history can students fully understand the past life of history.
As a basic method to solve problems, logical analysis needs to analyze the historical causes and consequences at the level of thinking. The analysis of any historical event should be based on its occurrence, process and development, not on subjective feelings and assumptions, especially on seeking truth from facts objectively and fairly and restoring the historical truth. To achieve this goal, we must learn the principles of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, comprehensively apply correct historical analysis methods, and find the analysis mode of historical events. For example, if we deeply analyze the historical background of Shang Yang's political reform, it will be easier to understand its purpose.
Third, sort out the clues of the event development.
The development of historical events always shows "beginning? Development? The process of climax results. This requires us to be good at grasping development clues and combing them.
Fourth, find out the role or influence.