2. Shang Dynasty: about 1559 BC-about 1046 BC.
3. Zhou dynasty: about 65438 BC+0046 BC-256 BC, divided into Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou, and Eastern Zhou was divided into Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period.
4. Qin Dynasty: 2265438 BC+206 BC, before 2265438 BC+,Ying Zheng, king of Qin, unified the six countries and was called emperor.
5. Western Chu: From 206 BC to 202 BC, Western Chu was the overlord.
6. Western Han Dynasty: From 202 BC to 8 AD, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang.
7. New Dynasty: December 8 -65438+ AD 231October 6.
8. Xuanhan: In 23-25 AD, Liu Xuan, the first emperor of the Han Dynasty, was replaced.
9. Eastern Han Dynasty: 25-220 AD, Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty.
10. The Three Kingdoms: In 220-280 AD, Wei, Shu and Wu were three pillars.
From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty is a historical period, divided into three regimes: Cao Wei, Shu Han and Soochow. Battle of Red Cliffs and Cao Cao were defeated by Sun Liu's allied forces, which laid the rudiment of the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.
In 220, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of "Wei" and the history of Cao Wei, and the history of the Three Kingdoms officially began. The following year, Liu Bei continued the Han Dynasty in Chengdu, known as Shu Han in history.
In 222, Liu Bei lost the battle of Yiling, and Sun Quan won most of Jingzhou. When Liu Bei died in 223, Zhuge Liang helped Liu Chan, the son of Liu Bei, reunite with Sun Quan. In 229, Sun of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was formally established, known as Wu in history.
In the following decades, Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wei of Shu Han led troops to the northern expedition of Cao Wei many times, but they never changed the pattern of tripartite confrontation. The real power in the late Cao Wei period was gradually controlled by Sima Yi.
In 263, Si Mazhao of Cao Wei launched the war to destroy Shu, and Shu Han perished. Two years later, Si Mazhao died, and his son Sima Yan abandoned Emperor Wei Yuan to stand on his own feet. The founding name is "Jin", which is called the Western Jin Dynasty in history. In 280 AD, the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Soochow and unified China, thus ending the Three Kingdoms period and entering the Jin Dynasty.
1 1. Jin Dynasty: 265-420 AD, divided into the Western Jin Dynasty (265-3 16) and the Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17-420).
The dynasties in the history of China, connecting the Three Kingdoms and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, were divided into the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, among which the Western Jin Dynasty was one of the unified dynasties in the history of China and the Eastern Jin Dynasty was one of the six dynasties. There were 15 emperors in the Jin Dynasty, totaling 155 years.
In 266 AD, he usurped Wei, established Luoyang as its capital, and gained the title of Gold. Historically known as the Western Jin Dynasty, Wu was destroyed in 280 A.D. and unified. After the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia Disaster, the national situation gradually declined. In 3 16, the western Jin dynasty was destroyed by barbarians in the north, and there was chaos in the north, which was called five chaos in history.
In 3 17, Jinshi moved south, and Si Marui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty under Jianye, which made many northern expeditions. In 383, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was temporarily consolidated after the war with the former Qin Dynasty.
During the Jin Dynasty, Wuhu moved to the Central Plains, strengthened ethnic integration, and northerners moved south to develop the Jiangnan area. In 420, Liu Yu established Liu Song, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty perished. The history of China entered the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
The Western Jin Dynasty inherited the territory of Cao Wei, and after reunification, it occupied the territory of Sun Wu. The eastern Jin Dynasty increased and decreased with the change of territory, and the northern boundary was mainly in the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River.
The political system of the Jin Dynasty was clan politics, which was the basis of the six-part system in the three provinces of Sui and Tang Dynasties. Compared with the Three Kingdoms period, agriculture, commerce and handicrafts in the Jin Dynasty developed further.
Although the Jin Dynasty was the declining period of China culture since the end of Han Dynasty, it made new progress in philosophy, literature, art, history, science and technology. Jin Dynasty culture is developing towards diversification, which is an era of cultural creation, conflict and integration.
Because the exclusive position of Confucianism has been broken, philosophy, literature, art, history and science and technology have been innovated one after another, and some have become independent knowledge.
Contemporary ideas, including metaphysics, Taoism and Buddhism, spread from India to the East, and scholars gained the upper hand by talking openly. Because the frontier nationalities brought grassland culture, the Eastern Jin Dynasty had the Central Plains culture and Jiangnan culture, and the two sides gradually began cultural exchanges or ethnic integration.
12. Northern and Southern Dynasties: 420-589 AD
It is a general term for the Southern Dynasties and the Northern Dynasties. The Northern and Southern Dynasties were a period of great division in the history of China, and also a period of great national integration in the history of China. It is the link between the sixteen countries of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty, which began in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420 AD and ended in the Sui Dynasty in 589 AD.
The Southern Dynasties (420-589) included Liu Song, Nanqi, Nanliang and Chen Nan. The Northern Dynasties (386-58 1) included the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi and the Northern Dynasties. Although the north and south have their own dynasties, they have maintained a confrontational situation for a long time, so they are called the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
In the early Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was still gentry politics. Social strata are divided into gentry, editors, dependent households and handmaiden, and their foreign exchanges are also very prosperous, reaching Japan and the Korean Peninsula in the east, the western regions, Central Asia and West Asia in the west, and Southeast Asia and South Asia in the south.
At this time, there is also a trend of great ethnic integration, such as the reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty, which further accelerated the pace of feudalization (sinicization) of ethnic minorities.
13. Sui Dynasty: 58 1- 6 18, Sui Wendi.
14. Tang Dynasty: 6 18-907, Tang Gaozu Li Yuan.
15. Five Dynasties: 907-960 AD, Hou Liang, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty and Later Zhou Dynasty.
16. Ten Kingdom: A.D. 89 1-979
17. Song Dynasty: 960- 1279, divided into Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127) and Southern Song Dynasty (1 1279).
18. Yuan Dynasty: 127 1 year-1368, Genghis Khan, Yuan Taizu.
19. Ming dynasty: A.D. 1368- 1644, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor.
20. Qing Dynasty: A.D. 1644- 19 12, Qing Taizu Aixinjue Luo Nurhachi.
The history of China refers to the history of China from the emergence of Chinese civilization to the present. China has a long history, which is about 5,000 years from the period of Xuanyuan (also known as Gongsun Xuanyuan), the tribe of the Yellow Emperor. It is about 4600 years since the Three Emperors and Five Emperors. About 4 100 years since Xia dynasty; It is about 2240 years since the first unified centralized Qin Dynasty in China.
China has experienced many regime changes and dynasty changes. It was once the most powerful country in the world and attracted worldwide attention in economy, culture, science and technology.
In prehistoric times, Emperor Yanhuang of China was honored as the humanistic ancestor of the Chinese nation.
The Xia Dynasty, the earliest country in China, appeared in the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty promoted the development of productive forces and social changes, forming a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend.
In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang established the first unified autocratic centralized empire in the history of China, and the Western Han Dynasty further consolidated and developed the unified situation.
During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, China fell into a state of separatism. During the Five Dynasties Rebellion, the trend of China's external integration was strengthened, and many ethnic groups gradually gathered in the conflict of separatist regimes.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the central government had closer ties with the ethnic minorities in the border areas, and the economy was prosperous, and science, technology and culture were highly developed. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, multiculturalism collided and blended, and economy and science and technology developed to a new height.
In the heyday of the Ming Dynasty, the social economy was highly developed, and capitalism sprouted in Jiangnan at the end of the Ming Dynasty.
/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, after the Opium War, China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The Xinhai Revolution of 19 1 1 overthrew the monarchy and established the Republic.
After Yuan Shikai's death, China entered a chaotic period of warlord separatism. After the national revolution, agrarian revolution, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the war of liberation, People's Republic of China (PRC) was finally established in 1949.
From 1966 to 1976 after the Cultural Revolution. After 1978, China began to implement the policy of reform and opening up, and China's economy developed rapidly. 20 1 1 China surpassed Japan to become the second largest economy in the world.
Extended information China has a long history, and the dynasties are sporadic and complicated. The first thing the founder of each dynasty should do is to establish the name of the country, that is, the name of the dynasty, which is called the name of the dynasty for short.
Xia: According to legend, Yu was once blocked because people used to call his regime "Xia". According to the research of historians, the son of Yu moved to Daxia (Fenyue area in the south of Shanxi) and was called "Xia", and Xian Shaokang was in Luncheng.
Shang: According to legend, the ancestor of Shang clan helped Yu to control water, and was sealed by Shang (now south of Shangqiu, Henan), and later called his tribe (or tribe) by "Shang". At the end of the Tang Dynasty, "Shang" was the title of the country, and its capital was Bo (now Gushu Town, Shangqiu, Henan Province).
Zhou: When Zhou people went to the ancient palace to pray, they moved to Qishan, Shaanxi. After the Yin Dynasty was destroyed, Zhou was taken as the name of the dynasty. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, its capital was established in Gao (now southwest of Shaanxi), and then it was moved from Pingdong to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan).
Because it is in the east of pickaxe, it is called "Western Zhou" and "Eastern Zhou".
Qin: According to Records of the Historian, this is an ancient tribe. Its leader, Fei Zi, once made contributions to raising horses for Zhou, was given the surname of "Won" by Zhou, and owned a small piece of land (now Tianshui County, Gansu Province, also known as Longxiyu).
Later, Xiang saved Zhou Yougong and was made a vassal. Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established the State of Qin.
Han: Xiang Yu named Liu Bang Hanwang, and his fief was in Hanzhong. After Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and unified China, the title was "Han". Chang 'an was the capital of the early Han Dynasty, and Luoyang was the capital of the later Han Dynasty. Therefore, there are "Western Han Dynasty" and "Eastern Han Dynasty" in the capital, and "pre-Han Dynasty" and "post-Han Dynasty" in time.
New: The meaning of "new" in Wang Mang's Chao (Ti): the original meaning of new is to change the old and update the old.
In the late Western Han Dynasty, under the domination of the theory of "Five Virtues of Heaven and Man", there appeared a trend of thought that the new virtue replaced the old one in social politics. In this context, Wang Mang claimed to be the spokesperson of Xinde, and "replaced Liu Lixin and prospered the king".
And finally completed the process of "rewriting" on behalf of the Han Dynasty. Han is a fire virtue, a soil virtue, and Wang Mang is a soil virtue, claiming to be "entrusted to the first emperor after being admitted to the Yellow Emperor". According to the principle that the five elements are mutually generated, the fire virtue is replaced by earth virtue, which is intended to be passed on from Chi Di to the Yellow Emperor by destiny.
Wei: Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty once named Cao Cao "Duke Wei" and "Wang Wei", and Cao Pi was called "Wei" after the Han Dynasty. Cao was given a title by the royal family and was also called "Cao Wei" in history. Cao Cao, posthumous title and Wei Wudi.
Shu (Han): Liu Bei takes Sichuan as his activity area, and Shu refers to Sichuan. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was called "Shu" or "Shu Han" in history, also known as "Han Ji".
Wu: Sun Quan lives in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In history, when Wu was founded, Cao Wei named Sun Quan as "King of Wu", so it was called "Sun Wu" in history. Because it is located in the East, it is also called "Soochow".
Jin: Si Mazhao forced Wei Emperor to make him Duke of Jin, and after the destruction of Shu, he became King of Jin. Later, his son inherited his title, forcing Wei Emperor to abdicate and stand on his own feet as emperor, with the title of "Jin".
Sui: Yang Zhong, the father of Yang Jian, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, was once named "the successor to the country" by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Emperor Wendi later adopted this title, which was called "chasing the DPRK". He thinks that the meaning of "go with you" may be changed to "follow", which is ominous.
Tang: Tang Gaozu Li Yuan's grandfather was named "Duke Tang" for his contribution to Zhou Yougong, and his title was passed on to Li Yuan. After the uprising in Taiyuan, Li Yuan claimed to be the "King of the Tang Dynasty", and later abandoned You Yang to build the Tang Dynasty.
Liao: Liao was originally called "Qidan", and Qidan is a surname. Because of living in the upper reaches of Liaohe River, it was changed to "Liao".
Song Dynasty: After Emperor Gong succeeded to the throne in the later Zhou Dynasty, he was appointed as our ambassador to Germany. The German army was stationed in Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) and was appointed as our ambassador to Songzhou. Therefore, after the mutiny, Chen Qiao made his fortune in Songzhou and was named "Song".
Xixia: Tuoba Sigong occupied Zhou Xia (now Hengshan County, Shaanxi Province) and named it "Daxia" after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Because in the west, the Song people called it "Xixia".
Jin: Jinducheng is located in Ning, Jing Hui (now Acheng South of Heilongjiang). According to legend, its aquatic products are gold, and the jurchen word is "gold", which means "pushing a tiger".
Yuan: According to the History of Yuan Dynasty, the naming of Yuan was decided by Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu. It is the "Yuan" in the sentence "Great Gan Yuan" in the Book of Changes, which means great and first. However, some people think it is related to Mongolian customs and totems, while others think it is related to Buddhism.
Ming: Zhu Yuanzhang was one of the insurgents at the end of Yuan Dynasty, which was developed by inheriting Guo Zixing. Guo Zixing belongs to An Baili Sect. The White Lotus Sect declared that "darkness is about to pass, and light is coming" to inspire people to oppose the rule of the dark Yuan Dynasty.
Therefore, it is also called the Illuminati. Han called him "Wang Ming" (his son called him "Wang Xiaoming"), which reflected his purpose.
Zhu Yuanzhang not only once believed in religion, but also admitted that he was a member of the rebel army (once deputy marshal Zuo). After Zhu Yuanzhang came to power, the title of the country was "Ming".
Qing: Manchu is a branch of Jurchen nationality. The Jurchen nationality established the Jin State in the Northern Song Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen forces regained their strength and rebuilt the State of Jin (the later Jin Dynasty). In order to expand outward, the late Jin Dynasty severed its vassal relationship with the Ming Dynasty.
Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty changed "Nuzhen" to "Manchuria" and "Jin" to "Qing". In the Song Dynasty, Jurchen was controlled by the Khitans. His generation pointed out that the word "Liao" means "iron" in the Khitan language, so it was named "Jin", which means it is stronger than iron.
Can overwhelm Liao. There are different opinions on the reasons why "Jin" changed to "Qing". Some people think that Huang Taiji wants to avoid causing sharp contradictions.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia _ China History
Baidu Encyclopedia _ Chinese historical dynasties