First, the landlord class
1, resistance: (on behalf of Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan, etc. )
(1) Background: With the emergence of the national crisis and the deepening of the crisis of feudal rule, people of insight among feudal literati faced the reality and called for getting rid of the accumulated disadvantages, "applying what they have learned" and breaking free from the shackles of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism.
(2) Guiding ideology: Learn from foreigners to control foreigners.
(3) Main practice: set up a translation library to translate western books; Imitation of western weapons, etc.
(4) Impact: A, positive aspect: Enlighten people to break away from the cage of locking the country, face the reality, look around the world, re-recognize the world and explore the road to saving the country. B, negative aspects: its influence is ideologically, and there is no more concrete practical transformation. Moreover, learning from the West only stayed at the level of implements, without realizing the root of China's backwardness (the decay of feudal system).
2. Westernization (represented by Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guofan)
(1) Background: After the Second Opium War, the Qing Dynasty faced a serious crisis.
(2) Guiding ideology: "Middle school as the body, western learning for use" (that is, using advanced western technology to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty).
(3) Main practice: The former military industry took "self-improvement" as the banner; In the later period, it was used for civilian use under the banner of "seeking wealth"; Establish new navies such as Nanyang, Beiyang and Fushan to plan coastal defense; Cultivate new talents by setting up new schools and sending overseas students.
(4) Impact: A. Positive aspects: However, the introduction of advanced western technology and machine production broke through the shackles of traditional feudal concepts, and also created certain conditions for the introduction of western learning to the East, taking the first step of China people's modernization. At the same time, it objectively stimulated the emergence of Chinese national capitalism. B, negative aspects: the essence is based on feudalism, and learning from the west only stays at the level of artifacts, without realizing the root of China's backwardness at that time (feudal system).
Second, the peasant class (represented by Hong Rengan)
(1) Background: After the Tianjing Rebellion, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom began to decline from prosperity. In order to revitalize the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and reform internal affairs, Hong Rengan put forward a new chapter on senior minister.
(2) Purpose: It is required to study western capitalism in all aspects, such as politics, economy, diplomacy, culture and education.
(3) Main practice: not put into practice.
(4) Impact: A, positive aspect: It has a distinctive capitalist color, and it is the first plan put forward by advanced China people to develop capitalism in China, reflecting the urgent desire of advanced China people to seek truth from the West and explore the road of saving the country and the people. B, negative aspects: it is not the product of farmers' revolutionary practice, does not reflect farmers' most urgent wishes and demands, and has not been implemented at all.
Third, the national bourgeoisie.
1, early reformists: (represented by Wang Tao, Zheng, etc. )
Background: The introduction of western capitalist ideas and the emergence of capitalism in China.
(2) Main idea: economically, develop national industry and commerce; Culturally, set up schools and learn western natural science knowledge; Politically, a constitutional monarchy is implemented.
(4) Main practice: not put into practice.
(3) Impact: A. Positive aspects: Recognizing the root cause of China's backwardness and demanding the development of capitalism in China reflects the political and economic interests of the national bourgeoisie. B, negative aspects: there is no systematic theory, and it has not been put into practice.
2. Reformists: (represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao)
(1) Background: The national crisis deepened, national capitalism developed initially, and the national bourgeoisie began to enter the historical stage.
(2) Purpose: Advocating civil rights and taking the constitutional road of Japanese monarchy.
(3) Main practice: Reform Movement of 1898.
(4) Impact: A. Positive aspects: Its purpose is to save the nation from peril. The idea of developing capitalism conforms to the historical development trend, has patriotic and progressive significance, and has played an enlightening role in society. B, Negative aspects: The Reform Movement finally failed due to the counterattack of powerful feudal diehard forces and the weak compromise of the national bourgeoisie, which proved that the road of bourgeois improvement was not feasible in China.
3. Revolutionaries: (represented by Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing)
(1) background: the national crisis is deepening; The initial development of national capitalism; The idea of democratic revolution spread, revolutionary groups appeared constantly, and revolutionary activities flourished.
(2) Main idea: The Three People's Principles (nationalism, civil rights and people's livelihood) follow American-style bourgeois democracy.
(3) Main practice: the Revolution of 1911, the establishment of the Republic of China and the formulation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China.
(3) Impact: A, positive aspects: overthrew the decadent Qing Dynasty and ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than two thousand years; Conducive to the development of capitalism; It has dealt a blow to imperialism to a certain extent; It promoted and influenced each other with the Asian national liberation movement in the same period. B. Elimination: Because of the weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie, they dare not put forward anti-imperialist ideas clearly, which determines that they will not completely complete the task of anti-imperialist democratic revolution and construction and will eventually fail.
4. Radicals: (Early New Culture Movement, represented by Chen Duxiu, Lu Xun and Hu Shi)
(1) Background: A. Politically, the powers supported Yuan as emperor and stepped up aggression; B. Economically, with the further development of capitalism, the bourgeoisie demands democratic politics; C. Ideology and culture: The Western Enlightenment was further introduced. The Revolution of 1911 made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts, but Yuan Shikai respected Confucius and went against the current.
(2) Main idea: Guided by the idea of equality of civil rights and Darwin's theory of evolution, advocate democratic science, new morality and new literature, and oppose autocratic superstition, old morality and old literature.
(3) Main practice: establishing new culture publications and writing books to explain new culture ideas.
(4) Impact: A, positive aspects: the dominant position of feudal thought was shaken, and people's thoughts were liberated as never before; Carrying forward the democratic scientific thought and promoting the development of natural science; It played the role of propaganda and mobilization in the outbreak of the May 4th Movement, and provided ideological conditions for the spread of Marxism. On the negative side, there is an absolute positive and negative tendency towards eastern and western cultures, which has a bad influence on later generations.
Fourth, the proletariat: (represented by Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu and Mao Zedong)
1, background: The Russian October Revolution was successful, and the New Culture Movement provided ideological conditions for the spread of Marxism in China.
2. Main idea: Marxism.
3. Main practice: The May 4th Movement, established the China * * * Production Party, participated in the national revolution, opposed the reactionary rule of the United States and Chiang Kai-shek, and led the people of China to win and liberate War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, socialist revolution and construction.
4. Influence: After many twists and turns, the people of China led by China's * * * production party won the victory of the democratic revolution, overthrew the three mountains that weighed on the people of China, and established a new China. Since then, China has made remarkable achievements in exploring and developing on the socialist road.