(1) Shang Yang reformed and abandoned the mining field to open a building, recognizing the legality of private land possession and allowing the establishment of free trading; Abolishing the stone-clearing system and rewarding the meritorious military service have dealt a blow to the privileges of the old aristocracy and established the political and economic advantages of the emerging landlord class; Establish a county system and strengthen centralization.

(2)

Teacher: Reform the imperial examination system;

Agriculture: young crops law, recruitment law, farmland water conservancy law, farmland equal distribution tax law;

Soldiers: the art of war, the method of armor, and the method of protecting horses;

Quotient: equal loss method, easy market method.

(3) Young crops law and farmland water conservancy law

Understanding: The reform is bound to be blocked by the old forces, and it cannot be smooth sailing. We should fully consider the complexity and arduousness of reform; The success or failure of reform depends on whether its positive results can be preserved and maintained, regardless of the personal fate of reformers; Reform measures should be effective according to the actual situation, and appropriate personnel should be employed in the reform process; Reformers should have foresight and firm political courage.