In China, there were official posts dedicated to recording and compiling history in all previous dynasties, which were collectively called historiographers. The titles and classifications of historians in different dynasties are different, but they can be mainly classified into two categories: record and compilation.
When historians first appeared, they developed for a long time, and there was little difference between them. Later, Zhu Zhu historians and historians of historical museums who were responsible for records evolved. The former accompanied the emperor and recorded the words and deeds of the emperor and the gains and losses of government affairs. The emperor could not understand these records, which compiled the history of the previous dynasty.
Extended data:
Several historians in history:
1, Sima Qian
Sima Qian (65438 BC+045 BC-90 BC) was born in xia yang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi) and Longmen (now Hejin, Shanxi). China was a great historian, writer and thinker in the Western Han Dynasty.
Sima Tan's son, Ren Taishiling, was imprisoned for defending Li Ling's defeat and surrender, and later served as the secretariat. He worked hard to complete the historical records he wrote, and was called Shi Qian, Tai Shigong and the father of history by the later Buddha.
Sima Qian studied under Kong Anguo and Dong Zhongshu in his early years, roaming around, learning about customs and collecting rumors. As a first-time doctor, he served in the southwest. In the third year of Yuanfeng (108), he was appointed as the Taishiling, inherited his father's business and wrote history.
He created China's first biography and general history book (formerly known as Taishi Gongshu) with the historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between man and nature, understanding the changes from ancient times to modern times, and making a family statement".
It is recognized as a model of China's history books, which records the history of more than 3,000 years from the legendary Huangdi period to the first year of Emperor Wudi's Yuanshou, and is the first of the "Twenty-five History".
2. Sima Guang
Sima Guang (1019165438+1October 17-1086), whose real name is Junshi, was born in Suishui, Xia County, Shaanxi Province (now Xia County, Shanxi Province). Politicians, historians and writers in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Sima Guang's main achievements are embodied in his academic research. Among them, the greatest contribution is to preside over the compilation of Zi Tongzhi Jian. During the Xining period in Song Shenzong, Sima Guang strongly opposed Wang Anshi's political reform and asked to go abroad.
In the fourth year of Xining (107 1), he was sentenced to Xijing Yushitai, and lived in Luoyang for the next fifteen years without asking about political affairs. During this leisurely time, Sima Guang presided over the compilation of 294 volumes of nearly 4 million words of chronological history book Zi Tongzhi Jian.
It is the largest chronicle in China, with 294 volumes, which runs through ancient and modern times. From the early Warring States when Korea, Zhao and Wei were divided into Jin (403 BC) to the end of the Five Dynasties (Hou Liang, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty and Later Zhou Dynasty), and from the end of Song Taizu to the last week (959 AD), it was 1362.
The author recorded the historical facts of this year 1362 in chronological order, taking the year as the longitude and the historical facts as the latitude. The cause and effect of major historical events are clearly explained, so that readers can see the development of historical facts at a glance.
3. Ji Xiaolan
Ji Yun (1724.7.26-1805.3.14), whose real name is Xiaolan, whose real name is Chun Fan, was later named as a Taoist, and his name was xian county (now Cangzhou, Hebei). Politicians and writers in Qing dynasty, officials in Qianlong period.
Li Guan went out of the capital as the suggestion, and the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Rites, the co-organizer, the university student and the Prince of Taibao were in charge of imperial academy affairs. He was the editor-in-chief of Sikuquanshu.
Ji Yun studied Confucianism, read widely, wrote poems and essays, and was especially good at textual research and exegesis. Being an official for more than 50 years, he was brilliant and energetic when he was young, but his inner world was increasingly closed in his later years. His Notes on Yuewei Caotang is the product of this mentality.
His poems were collected by later generations and compiled into Ji Wenda's Public Legacy Collection. Sikuquanshu, edited by Ji Xiaolan, is an important reference book for studying the literature and history of China.
4. Liu Xiang
Liu Xiang (77- 6 BC) was a scholar, bibliographer and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. The real name has been changed and the word is correct. He was born in Pei County, Jiangsu Province. The fourth grandson of Wang () in the early Han Dynasty.
The biography of Gu Liang in the Spring and Autumn Period. He used to be an exhortation doctor and Zong Zheng. When he became emperor, he was appointed as Doctor Guanglu and eventually became the captain of Zhong Lei. He reviewed the Royal Library and wrote China's earliest bibliography book Bielu. He is the author of New Preface, Shuoyuan, Biography of Lienv, etc.
When Liu Xiang was proofreading books, he found six kinds of books written by military strategists in the Royal Library, but the contents were confusing and the words were incomplete. So Liu Xiang compiled the Warring States Policy according to the country.
The Warring States Policy is a famous historical work in ancient China. It is a national history book (Mandarin is the first one), also known as national policy. It mainly records the struggle of strategists during the Warring States period.
The book is compiled according to different countries in the East, and it is divided into 12 strategies, 33 volumes and 497 articles in total. The recorded history is about1.2000 words, from 490 BC when Zhi Bo defeated the fan to 22 BC when Gao Jianli attacked Qin Shihuang. It is one of the most accomplished and influential historical prose works in the pre-Qin period.
5. Chen Shou
Chen Shou (233-297), the word Chengzuo. A native of Han 'an County, Brazil (now Nanchong, Sichuan). A famous historian of Shu and Han dynasties in the Three Kingdoms and Western Jin Dynasty.
When Chen Shou was young, he was eager to learn. Learn from Qiao Zhou, a scholar in the same county. In office, he is the chief book guard, the secretariat of Dongguan, the official of Guan Ge, and the assistant minister of Huangmen. At that time, eunuch Huang Hao was authoritarian, and his ministers followed suit.
Chen Shou was repeatedly dismissed because he refused to give in to Huang Hao. After Shu fell to Jin, he worked as a writer, magistrate, scholar and prince. He was demoted and criticized many times in his later years. Yuan Kang died in 297 at the age of 65.
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