Edison invented the electric light.

American inventor Edison. They are children of railway workers, who drop out of school before finishing primary school and sell newspapers on the train for a living. Edison is an extremely diligent man. He likes to do all kinds of experiments and make many exquisite machines. He is interested in electrical appliances. Ever since Faraday invented the electric motor, Edison was determined to make electric lights and bring light to mankind.

Edison made a detailed test plan after carefully summarizing the previous failure experience in manufacturing electric lamps, which was divided into two aspects: one was to classify and test 1600 different heat-resistant materials; The second is to improve the vacuum pumping equipment to make the bulb have a high vacuum degree. He also studied the new generator and circuit shunt system.

Edison tested more than 1600 kinds of heat-resistant luminescent materials one by one, but platinum wire has good linear energy, but platinum is surprisingly expensive, so we must find a more suitable material to replace it. 1879, Edison finally decided to use carbon filament after many experiments. He sprinkled carbon powder on a piece of cotton silk, bent it into a horseshoe shape, heated it in a crucible, made it into a filament, put it in a bulb, and then pumped the air out of the bulb with an air extractor. It can be used continuously for 45 hours when the light is on. In this way, the first batch of carbon filament incandescent lamps in the world came out. 1879 On New Year's Eve, Lopark Street where Edison Electric Company is located is brightly lit.

In order to develop electric light, Edison often worked in the laboratory for more than ten hours a day, sometimes for several days. After he invented carbon fiber, he successively tested more than 6000 kinds of plant fibers. Finally, he chose bamboo filaments, burned them in a high-temperature closed furnace, and then processed them to obtain carbonized bamboo filaments, which were put into the light bulb, again improving the vacuum degree of the light bulb, and the light bulb could be continuously lit for 1200 hours. The invention of electric light once caused natural gas stocks to plummet 12% in three days.

After Edison, 1909, American Ke Renqi invented tungsten wire instead of carbon wire, which greatly improved the efficiency of electric lamp. Since then, electric lights have leapt to a new level, and fluorescent lamps, iodine tungsten lamp and other lights have mushroomed on the lighting stage.

Bell invented the telephone.

Bell, 1847 was born in England and worked as a deaf teacher with his father when he was young. He wants to make a machine to let deaf people see sound with their eyes.

1873, Bell, who became a professor at Boston University in the United States, began to study the device of transmitting multiple telegrams on the same line-multiplex telegrams, and he sprouted the idea of transmitting people's voices to distant places with electricity, so that people thousands of miles away could talk face to face. So bell began to study the telephone.

1On June 2nd, 875, Bell and his assistant Watson tried multiple telegrams in two rooms respectively, and an accidental accident inspired Bell. In Watson's room, there is a spring stuck to the magnet of the telegraph. When Watson pulled it away, it shook. At the same time, Bell was surprised to find that the spring on the telegraph in his room vibrated and made a sound. It is the current that transmits vibration from one room to another.

Bell's mind suddenly broadened. He thought: If a person speaks to a piece of iron, the sound will cause the iron to vibrate; If an electromagnet is placed behind the iron sheet, the vibration of the iron sheet will inevitably produce large and small currents in the electromagnet coil. This fluctuating current travels far away along the wire, so won't the same vibration and sound appear on similar equipment in the distance? In this way, the sound travels far away along the wire. Isn't this the dream phone!

Bell and Watson made the telephone according to this new idea. In an experiment, a drop of sulfuric acid splashed on Bell's leg, which made him cry. "Mr. Watson, I need you. Please come to me! " "This sentence reached Watson's ear by telephone through wires, and the telephone succeeded! 1On March 7th, 876, Bell became the patentee of telephone invention.

The Wright brothers invented the airplane.

1in the winter of 877, there was a heavy snow in Dayton, USA, and the hills in the suburbs were all white. A group of children came to the hillside covered with thick snow and slid down quickly in a homemade sleigh. Laughter broke out on the hillside.

Next to them, two boys stood quietly, watching the cheerful sledge pass from top to bottom. The big boy sighed, "Hi! If only we had sledges, too! "

Another child pursed his lips and said, "Who told us that dad was always away!" " "He had a brainwave and then said," Brother, let's do it ourselves! " "Hearing this, the boy named Brother immediately laughed and said happily," Yes! We can do it ourselves. Come on, Orville, let's go back! " So, the two children jumped off the hillside and ran home quickly.

The two brothers are the Wright brothers, the elder brother is Welber and the younger brother is Orville. They like to play some things since childhood and often play all kinds of games together. Their grandfather is a craftsman who makes wheels. There are all kinds of tools in the house. The two brothers regard this place as their paradise and often go to see his grandfather's work. After a long time, they imitated and made some small toys. So, the two brothers decided to build a sledge this time and pull it to the hillside to compete with their companions. That night, the two brothers told their mother the idea. Hearing this, my mother said happily, "OK, let's do it together!" "

So, the two brothers ran to grandpa's workshop, found a lot of sticks and tools, and did it without thinking. "no!" Mother stopped them and said, "We have to have a plan to do something. We have to draw a picture first and then do it! " "

The two brothers understand this truth and design patterns with their mother. Mother measured the bodies of the two brothers first, and then drew a short sledge. "Mom, someone else's sleigh is very high. Why is your sleigh so short? Will this work? " Orville, the younger brother, asked. "Son, if you want the sledge to run fast, you have to shorten it, which will reduce the wind resistance and make it much faster." Mom explained gently. The two brothers realized that nothing should be done rashly, and they should first find out the truth.

A day later, the Wright brothers' short sleigh was made. The two brothers pushed it to the mountain, and just after putting it on the hillside, a boy came running.

"Look, the Wright brothers have brought a monster!" The boy started to cry in a fuss.

After a while, all the children gathered around and talked about this strange thing. The Wright brothers disagreed and bravely said, "Who is better than us!"

The boy who ran over earlier quickly shouted, "I'll come!" " I will compete with them! "Say that finish, he pulled up his sledge.

The result of the game, of course, is that the Wright brothers won. Instead of laughing at the sled, the children gathered around and looked around as if they wanted to find something from it. The Wright brothers were very happy and went home with the joy of victory.

Christmas is coming, and my father is back from other places. On Christmas morning, their father gave them a present, and the two brothers eagerly opened it. That's an unknown toy. It looks strange.

Dad told them that this is a flying spiral that can fly very high in the air. "Birds can fly! How can it fly! " Welber is a little skeptical. Dad smiled and performed live. I saw him twist the rubber band on it first. As soon as he let go, it flew into the sky with a loud noise. Only then did the two brothers believe that man-made things can fly into the sky besides birds and butterflies. So, the two brothers took it apart and wanted to explore why it could fly to the sky.

From then on, in their young hearts, it sprouted that they must make something that can fly high in the blue sky in the future. This wish has been affecting them. 1896, the Wright brothers read a news in the newspaper: German Lilienthal died in a glider accident. The news shocked them so much that the two brothers decided to learn to fly.

At this time, the Wright brothers opened a bicycle shop. They learn flight information while working to earn money. Three years later, they learned so much about aviation that they decided to copy a glider.

They first observed the movements of eagles flying in the air, then drew them one by one, and then set about designing gliders. 1900 5438+00 in June, the Wright brothers finally built their first glider and took it to the Kitty Hawk, which is far away from Dayton. It is very remote, there are no trees and houses around, and the wind is very strong, which is very suitable for flying gliders.

The two brothers spent a week installing the glider, first tied it to a rope and flew it like a kite. The result was successful. Then Welber sat on it and did the experiment. Although it flew, it was only 1 m high.

In the second year, the two brothers made a glider after many improvements on the basis of the last one. This autumn, they came to the seaside of Kitty Hawk again. After an experiment, the flying altitude suddenly reached 180 meters. The two brothers were very happy, but not satisfied. They want to know if they can make a machine that can fly without wind.

The two brothers thought over and over again, collected information about flying, studied it over and over again, but never thought about using any power to transport pet gliders and people into the air. One day, a car stopped in front of the garage and the driver borrowed a tool from them. To repair the engine of the car. Two brothers had a brainwave. Can they use the engine of the car to propel the flight?

Since then, the brothers have been thinking about the engine. They first measured that the maximum carrying potential of the glider was 90 kilograms, so they ordered an engine of no more than 90 kilograms from the factory. But the lightest engine at that time was 190 kg, and the factory could not make such a light engine.

Later, an engine engineer understood this and promised to help the Wright brothers. After a while, the engineer really built a gasoline engine with 12 horsepower and a weight of only 70 kg. The two brothers were very happy and soon began to study how to use the engine to propel the glider. After countless experiments, they finally installed the engine on the glider, but the propeller was installed on the glider, and the engine drove the propeller to rotate and drive the glider to fly.

1903 In September, the Wright brothers took their engines to Kitty Hawk Sea for another test flight. Although the test flight failed, they learned a lot from it. Soon after, they made several test flights in succession, either because of propeller failure, engine failure or driving technical problems.

Undaunted, the Wright brothers still insisted on the test flight. Just then, an inventor named Langlai was commissioned by the American government to build a plane with a gasoline engine and fell into the sea during the test flight.

After learning the news, the Wright brothers went to investigate, learned lessons from Langley's failure and gained a lot of experience. They made a strict inspection of every part of the plane and formulated strict operating procedures. 1903 12 14 They came to Kitty Hawk for flight test.

This afternoon, the two brothers first put two rails fixed on wood on the ground, with the necessary inclination, so that the plane can slide easily. After that, they put their own planes on the tracks.

Finally, there is a question of who will fly first. The two brothers were at loggerheads and had to flip a coin to decide who would fly out of Welber first. After boarding the plane, Welber lay in the middle of the plane and soon started the plane. The engine roared and the propeller turned slowly. After taxiing on the slope for 3 meters, the plane broke free from the wire tied behind it and roared into the air.

"It's flying!" Orville shouted excitedly. As soon as the voice fell, the plane suddenly slowed down and soon fell to the ground. The whole flight time is less than 4 minutes. Orville rushed forward. Wilbur had jumped out of the falling plane, and the two brothers soon observed that the plane was not damaged.

"What's the problem?" The two brothers thought about it and checked it one by one. There is nothing wrong with the engine, the propeller rotates well and the technical operation is completely correct. ...... "Brother, I understand why!" Orville said with a big smile: "We used the slope to slide, and the plane took off only 3 meters away. At this time, the rotation of the propeller has not yet reached high speed, and it will be planted in a short time. " "Yes!" Welber nodded yes, and then said, "We can't take off by taxiing on the slope, but we must rely on the power of the propeller to fly. Well, put the track on a flat place and try again. "

They worked continuously for three days, and then re-laid the tracks on the flat ground.

1903 12 17 in the morning 10, the sky was cloudy and the wind was biting. The farmers invited by the two brothers to watch the flight were shivering with cold and repeatedly urged the two brothers to fly quickly.

During Orville's test flight, I saw him climb on the plane and lie in the driver's seat. After a while, the engine began to roar and the propeller began to turn.

Suddenly, the plane skidded, rose to a height of more than 3 meters, and then flew forward horizontally.

"fly! Fly! " Several farmers cried happily, followed Welber and ran after the plane.

After flying 30 meters, the plane landed firmly. Welber rushed forward and pounced on his younger brother who had just climbed out of the plane. With tears in his eyes, he shouted, "We made it! We succeeded! "

After 45 minutes, Welber flew again, with a distance of 52 meters. After a while, Orville flew again, this time for 59 seconds, with a distance of 255 meters.

This is the first successful flight in human history. The Wright brothers told the news to the newspaper, but the newspaper didn't believe it and refused to publish it. The Wright brothers don't care. Continue to improve their plane. Soon, the two brothers built a plane that could take two people, and they flew in the air for more than an hour.

Watt invented the steam engine.

One summer morning, the weather was fine, and the thrush was singing a sweet song in the tree. On the campus of Glasgow University in England, there is a man walking. He walked slowly up and down on the green lawn. He sometimes looked at the vast sky, sometimes looked at Tan's playground, and sometimes frowned ... Suddenly, a smile appeared on his face and his mood suddenly brightened. He came up with an effective solution to the steam engine. He ran happily, his feet flying fast. At this moment, he appeared on the operating platform that accompanied him for many years. He is Watt, the inventor of the steam engine.

With the development of intellectual education, Watt became interested in some objective things, and he became curious and delved into them. This laid a good foundation for his later invention of the steam engine.

In Watt's hometown of Greenock, every family makes a fire to boil water and cook. Who cares about such a common thing? Watt left his heart. Yes, he is watching his grandmother cooking in the kitchen. There is a pot of boiling water on the stove. The boiling water is boiling. The lid of the pot smacked and kept jumping up. "After a long period of observation, watt was very surprised. He couldn't figure out why, so he asked grandma what she said to make the lid jump.

Grandma replied, "The water is boiling, that's all."

Watt asked discontentedly, "Why does the water jump as soon as the lid is opened?" ? Is something pushing it? "

Maybe my grandmother was too busy to answer him correctly, so she said impatiently, "I don't understand." What is the significance of children asking these questions? "

Instead of finding the answer with grandma, Watt was unfairly criticized. He was very uncomfortable, but he didn't lose heart.

For several days in a row, whenever cooking, he squatted by the fire and observed carefully. At first, the lid was very stable. After a while, the water will boil and make a loud noise. On the ground, the steam in the pot came out and pushed the lid to jump. The steam kept rising, and the lid kept beating, as if a magician was hiding inside, doing tricks. Watt almost cried out for joy. He opened the lid, closed it again and again, and verified it again and again. He also covered the cup and spoon that sprayed steam. Watt finally figured out that steam pushed the lid to jump, and the power of this steam was not small.

Just as Watt was in high spirits and ecstatic, grandma spoke again: "You child, you don't know good or bad. What's so funny about the kettle?" Go away! " She said casually.

His grandmother is too impatient and subjective. If she neglects it casually, it will almost dampen Watt's self-esteem and his intention to explore scientific knowledge. Old man, I don't understand Watt's heart at all, and I don't know how much steam inspires Watt! Isn't the physical phenomenon that water vapor pushes the lid of the kettle to jump off the water bottle the source of Watt's understanding of inventing the steam engine?

1769, watt changed the steam engine into a single-acting engine with great power. After many studies, 1782, the trial production of the new steam engine was completed. With the linkage device on the machine, the simple motion turned into rotary motion, and the perfect steam engine was successfully invented.

Due to the invention of the steam engine and the developed coal and iron industry in Britain at that time, Britain became the first country in the world to use steam to drive iron "seagoing ships". /kloc-in the 0/9th century, the reform of maritime transportation began, and some countries entered the so-called "steamboat era". Since then, ships have been sailing on the boundless ocean. Subsequently, coal mines, factories and trains all used steam engines. Manual labor was liberated and the economy developed. This is the result of the invention of the steam engine. Of course, this is also the credit of Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. Therefore, Watt is famous all over the world.

Watt's life is full of hardships and struggles. What a bumpy road he has traveled. He created blessings for mankind in hardships and hardships and opened up a new milestone for human progress. Watt attaches great importance to study and practice. Learning enriched his wisdom; Practice has achieved fruitful results.

Franklin invented the lightning rod.

1752, 46-year-old American scientist Franklin made a kite out of silk and put it into the sky with a string in a stormy weather. The lower end of the hemp rope is tied with a metal key. When the hemp rope is wet by rain, the key becomes a conductor. At this time, he put his hand close to the key and suddenly saw the electric spark jumping between the key and his finger. At the same time, he felt a sharp pain in his fingers. This experiment proves that thunder in the sky is actually a large-scale discharge phenomenon.

Therefore, Franklin thinks that if a metal wire is installed in a tall building and the lower end of the metal wire is grounded, according to the principle of tip discharge, the danger caused by lightning strike to the building can be avoided. This led to the invention of lightning rod.

Because of the invention of lightning rod, the world in which human beings live is a little safer. The invention of lightning rod seems to be an accident. A coincidence made a great man have a whim and produced an invention.

Extended data:

1. Invention is the process and achievement of applying natural laws to solve unique problems in the technical field and putting forward innovative schemes and measures. The product was invented to meet the needs of people's daily life. The achievements of the invention either provide an unprecedented model of artificial natural objects or provide new technologies and methods for processing and manufacturing.

The innovation and transformation of machinery and equipment, instruments and various consumer goods, as well as related manufacturing processes, production processes and detection and control methods, are all inventions.

2. It refers to the four great inventions in ancient China that had great influence on the world. Namely papermaking, compass, gunpowder and movable type printing.

The invention of papermaking (1) provided economical and convenient writing materials for human beings, and set off a revolution of human writing carrier.

(2) The appearance of printing accelerated the spread of culture and changed the situation that only the upper class in Europe could read.

(3) The invention of the compass provided important conditions for European navigators to sail around the world and discover America, and promoted the development of world trade.

(4) The invention of gunpowder weapon: It changed the way of fighting, helped the European bourgeoisie to destroy the feudal fortress, and accelerated the historical process of Europe.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia _ Edison Baidu Encyclopedia _ Watt Baidu Encyclopedia _ Bell (the father of the telephone) Baidu Encyclopedia _ Wright Brothers Baidu Encyclopedia _ Franklin