(1) The early stage (1840 ~ 1895) was mainly the Westernization Movement led by the landlord class.

1840 After the Opium War, tradition was severely challenged by reality, and China people began to explore modernization. 1895 The fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War in 1895 shows that the modernization exploration of the Qing government represented by the Westernization Movement failed.

1, phased results:

(1) Economically: ① Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, reformists of the landlord class, "learn from foreigners to control foreigners"; ② The Westernization Movement led by the landlord class Westernization School; (3) The national bourgeoisie began to establish modern industries.

(2) Politically, the Westernization School insisted on "taking China as the body and western learning as the purpose" and did not put the modernization of the political system on the agenda. The establishment of the Prime Minister's Office marks the modernization of China's diplomacy.

(3) Ideologically and culturally, we began to "spread western learning to the east", set up new schools and cultivate scientific and technological talents.

2, stage characteristics:

During this period, the protagonist in charge of modernization at this stage was the landlord class Westernization School; The field is mainly the economic field, learning advanced western technology. The modernization of political system has not been put on the agenda, and the industrialization with military industry as the main body has made progress, which has experienced the development process from heavy industry to light industry, from military to civilian, and from state-owned to private. The form of investment has also changed from government-run, government supervision and commercial operation, from single to diversified. At the same time, due to the needs of the Westernization Movement, modernization began to penetrate from the economic field to the fields of science and technology, culture and talent education.

(2) The whole development stage (1895 ~ 1927) is also the most important stage.

1, phased results:

(1) Politically (democratization): A major breakthrough was made in the modernization of the political system, the national bourgeoisie stepped onto the political stage, its upper reformers launched the Reform Movement of 1898, and its lower revolutionaries set up a bourgeois political party to lead the Revolution of 1911, overthrow the feudal monarchy and establish a bourgeois republic, which effectively promoted the modernization process of China;

(2) Economically (industrialization): Under the tide of "saving the country by industry", the national industry has made great progress, and the economic modernization with industrialization as the main body has made great progress, which is divided into two periods;

(3) Ideology and culture (rationalization): The concept of democratic republic is deeply rooted in people's hearts and begins to transform from traditional culture to modernization. Learning from the west has gone deep into the political system and ideological and cultural fields from the field of production technology.

2, stage characteristics:

At this stage, the backbone of the modernization task is the bourgeoisie; China's modernization has taken a big step forward with the organic combination of learning advanced western science, technology and culture and changing social system. "All-round development" embodies the all-round development of modernization in the economic, political and cultural fields, the full expression of modernization connotation and the full expression of the leading role of the bourgeoisie in the modernization process. The most prominent field is in the political field;

(1) The modernization of China's political system is characterized by wave-like advancement;

① From the perspective of the Qing government, it experienced the failure from suppressing the reform and political reform to carrying out the "New Deal" and "preparing for constitutionalism"; (2) From within the bourgeoisie, the Reform Movement of 1898 and the Revolution of 1911 were launched, and the struggle among royalists, constitutionalists and revolutionaries took place; (3) Judging from the rule of the Northern Warlords, China's modernization process encountered a countercurrent. (4) Judging from the establishment of China, formulating the program of democratic revolution, leading the workers' and peasants' movements and cooperating with the Kuomintang initiated a new era of political, economic, ideological and cultural modernization in China.

(2) Great progress has been made in ideological modernization, and it has begun to change from traditional culture to modernization. Mainly manifested in: the influx of western culture, "Western learning spread to the east" reached a climax, learning from the West, from production technology to political system and ideological culture. 1) bourgeois reformists: based on the theory of evolution, they advocated constitutional monarchy in the reform and reform; (2) Bourgeois revolutionaries: they developed the theory of state learned from the West into the Three People's Principles, turned theoretical study and revolutionary propaganda into practical actions, and launched the Revolution of 1911; Bourgeois radicals: they strongly advocated democracy and science, put forward the slogan of "Down with Kongjiadian", shook the dominant position of feudal orthodoxy, and set off a wave of intellectuals with communist ideas to vigorously promote Marxism in society. After the May 4th Movement, Marxism began to become the mainstream of new thoughts, providing a scientific theory for China's social change.

(3) Modernization in the field of culture: ① Education: establishing new schools, abolishing the imperial examination system and establishing the Ministry of Education; 2 literature: literary revolution, etc. ; ③ Historiography: Historiography revolution.

(3) Stages of tortuous progress (1927 ~1949):-The period of national government rule.

1, in general:

(1) The initial period of the National Government was a decade of modernization in China.

During this period, a series of policies of the national government promoted the modernization of industry and commerce and even the whole economic field. However, the formation and monopoly of bureaucratic capital crowd out the development of private industry to some extent. At the same time, the national government's concession to Japanese aggression and the bloody slaughter of workers and peasants all affected the normal development of the democratic system.

(2) During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, China's modernization process was interrupted, and its original industries were severely damaged under the large-scale aggression of Japanese militarism.

(3) After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the combination of American monopoly capital and bureaucratic capital of four big families pushed China's modernization to a desperate situation.

(4) the emergence and development of the new democratic economy:

First of all, the proletariat has become an important role in modernization. Secondly, the political content of modernization has changed from realizing the bourgeois democratic Republic to winning the new-democratic revolution. Third, after the May 4th Movement, Marxism began to become the mainstream of new thoughts, providing a scientific theory for the new development of political democratization.

2, stage characteristics:

In the extremely acute and complicated historical environment of class struggle and national struggle, modernization is going on with difficulty. Due to the national government's internal and external policies, bureaucratic capital, Japanese aggression against China, American aggression and other factors, China's modernization process has experienced many twists and turns, and almost reached a desperate situation. At the same time, it has added new connotations: the proletariat in China began to take on the task of China's modernization, and China's modernization entered a new stage of development.

(4) Take-off stage (after the founding of New China)

1, performance

(1) social form: the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society ended, and the new democratic society advanced to the socialist society;

(2) Politically, the people's democratic dictatorship was established, and the political system of multi-party cooperation and democratic consultation led by * * * was established;

(3) Economically: from the planned economy system to the socialist market economy system, great achievements have been made in economic construction;

2. Modernization process after the founding of New China.

(1) Take the road of the Soviet Union:

Mao Zedong began to explore the road of building China's modernization from the exposition of ten major relations. However, due to the failure to adhere to the correct policy of the Eighth National Congress, he made left-leaning mistakes in the political and economic fields, deviated from the economic and political model centered on economic construction, and did not get rid of the Soviet Union's highly centralized economic and political model, which made the modernization drive encounter many setbacks.

(2) Go your own way:

The Communist Party of China (CPC) found the way to build Socialism with Chinese characteristics in theory and practice.

Theoretically: the discussion on the standard of truth, the main theory of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the Fourth Plenary Session of the Twelfth, Thirteenth and Thirteenth Central Committees, the 14th and 15th National Congress, etc.

Reality: socialist economic system reform (three steps: rural economic system reform 1978, urban economic system reform 1985, and the proposal of market economic system reform goal1992); Opening to the outside world (from 1978 to 1999, the formation of a new pattern of opening to the outside world, China's accession to the World Trade Organization at the beginning of this century and the implementation of the western development are a new round of opening to the outside world).

(3) Lessons learned:

We should always seek truth from facts and proceed from reality and national conditions. ② We should combine the scientific principles of Marxism with the practice of China's revolution and construction, instead of copying other countries' models. ③ Always take economic construction as the center and correctly understand the main contradictions in China. 4 be brave in innovation.

3. Features: China's modernization is advancing by leaps and bounds.