In 262 BC, Zhao Haoqi, the state of Qin, sent a general to attack South Korea in Leitian, occupied the Wild King City, and cut off the contact between Shangdang County and the capital of South Korea. South Korea wanted to sacrifice Shangdang County to make peace with Qin, but the defenders of Shangdang County refused to surrender to Qin, so Zhao sent troops to take Shangdang County.
In the forty-seventh year of Zhao Haoqi (260 BC), the Qin Dynasty sent Wang Shu, the eldest son of Zuo Shu, to attack North Korea and seize Shangdang. Shangdang people fled to Zhao, who was stationed in Changping (now Changping Village, Gaoping City, Shanxi Province) to appease Shangdang people. In April, the King of Yue attacked Zhao. Zhao sent Lian Po to resist. Zhao foot soldiers ordered Qin to denounce the soldiers, and Qin denounced the soldiers to chop Zhao Bijiang eggplant. In June, he defeated Zhao and captured two armies and four armies. In July, Zhao Jun built a wall to defend. Qin Jun attacked the Zhao wall again, took the second commandant, and broke the array to seize the Western Wall.
The two sides were deadlocked for many days, and Zhao Jun suffered huge losses. According to the situation that the enemy was strong and we were weak and lost in the first battle, Lian Po decided to stick to the camp and prepare to attack Chi. Many times, Zhao did not send troops. The prince of Zhao repeatedly blamed Lian Po for this. In response to Hou, the Qin Dynasty sent people to take their daughters to pay bribes to Zhao. They used deviant methods to spread rumors and said: "What Qin hates and fears is Zhao Kuo, the son of Ma Fujun Zhao She; Lian Po is easy to deal with, and he is about to surrender. " The prince of Zhao was very dissatisfied with Lian Po's failure and suffered heavy casualties. He also suspected that Lian Po was stubborn and refused to go to war. So he listened to rumors, sent Zhao Kuo instead of Lian Po, and ordered him to lead the troops to attack the State of Qin.
After Zhao Kuo came to power, the deployment of rebelling against Lian Po not only changed the military system in the war, but also replaced a large number of generals, which made Zhao's combat power decline. When Qin saw Zhao Zhongji, he secretly ordered Bai Qi to be the general and Wang Bi to be the lieutenant. Zhao Kuo is arrogant, but he is afraid to start from scratch. So the king of Qin ordered that "whoever dares to vent his anger on Wu Anjun will be beheaded."
In the face of reckless and arrogant opponents, Tian Lei decided to retreat to lure the enemy, divide and panic. He ordered the border guards to take on the task of luring the enemy. When Zhao's army attacked, he pretended to be defeated and retreated. He deployed the main force in depth to build a bag-shaped position, and sent another 5 thousand troops to wedge between the enemy vanguard and the main force, waiting for an opportunity to split the Zhao army. In August, Zhao Kuo rashly took offensive action without knowing the actual situation. Pretend to fail, and secretly spread his wings to build Indiana Jones to intimidate Zhao. By the time Zhao attacked the pass, Qin was ready, and the pass was strong and could not be entered. Tian Lei ordered Indiana Jones to attack quickly and cut the Zhao army into three sections. Zhao Jun separated from head to tail, and the route for providing foodstuff was broken. Send hussars to harass Zhao. Zhao's war situation was critical, so he had to build a wall to support reinforcements. When the King of Qin heard that the grain and grass supply of Zhao was cut off, he went to Hanoi to supervise the war, recruited Ding Congjun, a male over 15 years old, and awarded him the rank of civilian, so as to stop the reinforcements and grain of Zhao and fight against Zhao with all his strength.
By September, Zhao Bing had been hungry for 46 days and even committed suicide. Desperate, Zhao Kuo regrouped his troops and divided them into four teams, which broke through in turn, but never got out. Zhao Kuo led a good soldier and was shot by Qin Jun. Zhao Kuo's army was defeated. More than 400,000 soldiers surrendered in vain. In vain, he tricked and killed all Zhao's soldiers, leaving only 240 soldiers to report back to Zhao.
The battle of Changping was the earliest and largest encirclement and annihilation war in the history of our country. Although Zhao was defeated in the Battle of Handan with the help of the Wei-Chu Coalition, the main force of Zhao was eliminated, and Zhao was the only country with the same military strength as Qin at the end of the Warring States Period. From then on, none of the six eastern countries could stand alone against Qin, which greatly accelerated the process of Qin's unification of China. cause
Since Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to carry out the political reform, Qin has formulated the correct merger strategy: rewarding the agricultural war, enriching the soldiers and enriching Qiang Bing; Lian Heng broke the longitudinal direction, made close friends to attack, and diplomacy succeeded again and again; Flags are flying, fighters are galloping, and military victories are frequently reported. /kloc-for more than 0/00 years, eating slowly and hitting slowly, attacking with heavy punches, breaking the Three Jin Dynasties, defeating the strong Chu and weakening the Eastern Qi have constituted a strategic offensive posture against the six countries in Shandong. In the face of the aggressive soldiers of Qin, Han and Wei condescended to flatter, South Chu was absorbed, East was incompetent, and North Yan was insignificant. Only Zhao, since King Wuling of Zhao carried out the military reform of "Khufu Riding and Shooting" in 306 BC, has a strong national strength and strong military strength, winning more than losing in foreign wars, and a number of generals, such as Lian Po, Zhao She and Li Mu, who can be good at fighting, can still deal with it. At this time, if Qin wants to unify the six countries, it must first clear the Sanjin and open the road to the east. Therefore, a great war between Qin and Zhao is about to break out. According to the prime minister's strategic concept of "making friends far away and attacking near", since 268 BC, Wei has successively sent troops to capture Huai (now west of Wuzhi, Henan) and Xingqiu (now near wen county, Henan), forcing Wei to be close to himself. Subsequently, he attacked Korea on a large scale and successively captured Ji (now northwest of Jiyuan, Henan Province), Gaoping (now southwest of Jiyuan, Henan Province), Shaoqu (now west of Jiyuan, Henan Province) and other places. And in 26 1 BC, he conquered the wild king (now Qinyang, Henan Province) and divided Korea into two. When the news came, the South Korean court was in a panic, and quickly sent envoys to the State of Qin to offer peace to the Party County (now Changzhi, Shanxi). However, Shangdang satrap did not want to give his land to Qin, but chose to give his own land to Zhao. Of course, his intention is obvious: the advantage of transfer made Zhao and Han unite to resist the state of Qin. Wang Zhao accepted the suggestion of Zhao Sheng, Ping Yuanjun, and gladly accepted the land, and sent Zhao Sheng to take Shangdang and incorporate Shangdang County into his territory. Zhao's move was tantamount to grabbing food from the tiger's mouth, which caused great dissatisfaction in Qin State and intensified the contradiction between Qin and Zhao. Fan Sui suggested that the king of Qin seize the opportunity to send troops to attack Zhao. In 262 BC, the King of Qin ordered Qin Jun to attack Gou's family in South Korea (now southwest of Yanshi, Henan Province) and go straight to Xingyang to deter South Korea. At the same time, he ordered Wang Bi, the commander of Zuo Shu, to lead an army to attack Shangdang. Shangdang Zhao suffered a crushing defeat and retreated to Changping (now northwest of Gaoping, Shanxi).
Stalemate stage
When the armies of Qin and Zhao arrived, they heard that they had moved eastward, so they had to accept the battle and sent general Lian Po to lead Zhao's main force to Changping, hoping to recapture Shangdang. In the spring and summer of 260 BC, Lian Po deployed troops on the front line of Kongcangling, and Wang Bi led the army to prepare for a surprise attack along the Qinhe River. The war began with the encounter between the defenders of Kongcangling in Zhao State and the Qin outpost troops. The defenders were at a loss, and Qin Jun moved forward step by step. In July of that year, the first western barrier (a long western barrier), a defense line dozens of miles north and south of Kongcangling, was completely lost. Zhao army retreated to the Dan River, and Qin and Zhao faced each other across the river. Zhao Jun adhered to the favorable terrain and relied on the Danhe River to strengthen the Danhe defense line. From then on, "Lian Po was founded by Qin, Qin challenged him, and Zhao couldn't get out" (Biography of Wang Jian in Historical Records of Tian Lei). In this way, he made full use of the favorable terrain he occupied and held his ground for several years. Wang Bi, who was strong and eager for World War I, was at a loss and could never cross the Dan River. At this point, the war entered a stalemate. After three years of war, Qin's economy has been overwhelmed, and Zhao's huge military expenditure has gradually become unbearable. "Historical Records and Biography of Wang Jian in Tian Lei" contains Bai Qiyan's statement that "although the Qin Dynasty broke the Changping Army, most of the Qin people died and the country was empty"; "Lu Chunqiu Yan Ying" also recorded that "although Qin won Changping, it was decided after three years, and scholars were tired of food." And Ye Zhao "has no food, so please don't listen to me." So both sides seek a quick fix to get out of trouble. After all, the war director of Qin is better at playing chess. They use strategy to open the gap and create conditions for subsequent strategic attacks. On the one hand, they took advantage of the opportunity of Zheng Zhu, the envoy of Zhao State, to make peace with Qin State, and deliberately entertained Zheng Zhu, creating the illusion of reconciliation between Qin and Zhao for other countries, so that Zhao State lost the opportunity to "unite" with other countries in diplomacy and was passive and isolated. On the other hand, they used a deviant strategy to send people to Handan, the capital of Zhao, to buy off the left and right ministers of Zhao and alienate the relationship between Zhao and Lian Po. Rumors are spread everywhere: Lian Po is not afraid. He sticks to the defense in order to surrender to Qin Jun, while Qin Jun is most afraid of Zhao Kuo, the son of Ma Fujun Zhao She. Finally, with the help of Wang Zhaozhi, Lian Po was pulled down from the position of Zhao Jun's coach; And the prince of Zhao ignored the objections of Lin Xiangru and Zhao Kuo's mother and appointed Zhao Kuo as the commander-in-chief of Zhao. Zhao Kuo is a mediocre man, lacking practical experience, and will only be an armchair strategist. After he came to power, he rebelled against Lian Po's actions, replaced the general's assistant, changed the military system, separated Zhao from Germany, and his morale was low. He also changed Lian Po's strategic defense policy and actively planned a strategic offensive in an attempt to win it at one fell swoop and recapture Shangdang. When the State of Qin heard that Zhao had appointed Zhao Kuo as the general, it immediately adjusted its military deployment: it immediately sent more troops and recruited Wu, a warrior, to take the place of Wang Bi to command Qin Jun. In order to avoid attracting the attention of the Zhao army, the king of Qin ordered the army to keep this secret strictly: "Whoever dares to vent his anger will be beheaded." Bai Qi was the most outstanding military general in the Warring States Period. He went through the battlefield, fought against yique, and killed 240,000 Korean-Wei allied forces. The south defeated Chu, entered Yan, entered Ying, burned Yiling and killed Chu people. Zhao Kuo, who can only recite a few words of art of war, is no match for him. After taking office, in view of Zhao Kuo's weaknesses such as lack of actual combat experience, eagerness to win, recklessness and underestimation, he adopted the correct operational policy of luring the enemy in ambush, dividing troops and then carefully deploying troops, resulting in a powerful situation of "hitting eggs with stones". Tian Lei's specific operational deployment is to take the original frontline troops as bait troops, wait for the Zhao army to attack, and then retreat to the long wall of the preset main position to lure the enemy deeper; Secondly, skillfully use the long wall to build a bag-shaped position, defend the camp with the main force, resist the attack of the Zhao army, organize the light assault force, and take the initiative to attack after being besieged, consuming the effective strength of the Zhao army; Third, ambush both flanks with 25,000 raiders. After the attack of Zhao, insert it into the rear of Zhao in time, cut off Zhao's retreat, and cooperate with the main force on the long wall of the main position to complete the attack on Zhao's encirclement. Fourthly, 5000 elite cavalry were used to infiltrate into Zhao's camp to contain and monitor the remaining Zhao troops in the camp. The development of operational map is indeed carried out according to the direction set by Tian Lei. In August 260 BC, Zhao Kuo, who knew nothing about the dynamics, led Zhao Zhuli to launch a large-scale attack on Qin Jun. After a brief confrontation between the two armies, the decoy troops pretended to be in rout. Reckless Zhao Kuo regardless of the actual situation, immediately led the army to pursue. When Zhao advanced to the preset position, he was strongly resisted by the main force, and his offensive was defeated and blocked under the city wall. Zhao Kuo wanted to leave, but it was too late. Qin Jun's 25,000 men, who had been ambushed on the two wings in advance, quickly attacked, inserted behind Zhao's attacking troops in time, seized Xiguan (now the highland of Han Wang Mountain in Gaoping, Shanxi Province), cut off the contact between the attacking Zhao and its camp, and surrounded the attacking Zhao. Another group of 5,000 Qin soldiers quickly inserted into Zhao's camp to contain and monitor part of Zhao's camp and cut off all the food passages for Zhao. At the same time, the commandos were ordered to attack the besieged Zhao army continuously. Zhao Jun suffered several unfavorable battles, and the situation was very critical. When Wang Zhao heard that Zhao Jun had been surrounded, he went to Hanoi (now Qinyang, Henan Province and its nearby areas) to organize all the local/kloc-men over 0/5 years old into an army to fully reinforce the Changping battlefield. This army entered Danzhuling, now north of Changping, and its highland to the east, further cutting off Zhao's reinforcements and logistics supply, thus ensuring that the besieged Zhao army was completely annihilated. By September, Zhao Jun had been deprived of food for 46 days, killing each other internally, shaking the morale of the army, and the shadow of death hung over the whole army. The situation is very critical. Zhao Kuo organized four breakout forces to attack Qin Jun positions in turn, hoping to open a way out, but all failed. In desperation, Zhao Kuo put all your eggs in one basket and led Zhao's elite troops to break through. The result was a fiasco, and even he himself was killed by an arrow. Zhao lost his commanding general, lost his fighting spirit and stopped resisting. More than 400,000 hungry and exhausted troops all surrendered to Qin Jun, and all these 400,000 Zhao soldiers, except 240 young people, were brutally killed by Leitian. Qin Jun finally won the unprecedented fierce and cruel battle of Changping. Winning and losing factors
The defeat of Qin Sheng and Zhao in the battle of Changping was not accidental. In addition to the overall strength, Qin has a relative advantage over Zhao, and the strategic gains and losses of both sides and the level of specific combat art application are also important factors. Qin Jun won because: first, it divided and disintegrated the strategic alliance of the six countries in Kanto; Secondly, the clever use of deviant behavior induced Wang Zhao to make a serious mistake of improper placement; The third is to choose the right person and use Tian Lei, who is resourceful and brave, as the main general; Fourth, cherish the fighters in vain, use soldiers as gods, lure the enemy to attack, and then encircle the Zhao army with just the right tricks, which will only increase the pain; Fifth, at the critical moment of the battle, Qin mobilized from top to bottom, reinforced in time, coordinated and cooperated, and cut off the enemy's assistance. It provides the necessary guarantee for Tian Lei to carry out correct operational command. The main reason for Zhao's failure was that at the beginning of the war, Zhao's ruling group didn't know enough about Qin's strategic ambition to destroy Zhao, and rushed to fight after losing its strategic position in southwest Shanxi. At the beginning of the war, veteran Lian Po was equal in operational command, but Zhao was weaker than Qin in national strength and military strength. Lian Po just wants to stall for time, fight a war of attrition, use favorable terrain to consume Qin Jun's effective strength, and force Qin Jun to travel long distances here exhausted. However, being alienated from the State of Qin and exiled by treacherous court officials still has a lot to do with the comprehensive strength of Zhao. In the later period, the decision-maker of Zhao was replaced by Zhao Kuo, who formulated the strategic policy of quick victory. However, Zhao was weaker than Qin in terms of numbers, soldiers' quality, comprehensive national strength, weapons and equipment, etc., coupled with poor employment, which led to Zhao's fiasco and total annihilation. In fact, the situation at that time, the war of attrition and the quick decision were not suitable for Zhao, because the confrontation between the two armies was mainly to fight for comprehensive national strength. Zhao could not use diplomatic means to urge Wei and Chu to help Zhao. On the contrary, under the unfavorable circumstances of World War I, it was another great failure to send envoys to the State of Qin to make peace.
Historical position
As a result of the battle of Changping, Zhao was completely annihilated, and Qin also died more than half, that is, both sides died about one million. It became the longest, largest and most tragic war in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Just as the ancients talked about the Hundred Years' War in East Friday, they only pushed Jinyang and Changping. The so-called "Jinyang's encirclement, hanging pot and cooking; In the battle of Changping, blood became a river. " In the battle of Changping, Qin Jun annihilated 450,000 Zhao troops before and after, which fundamentally weakened Zhao, the most powerful opponent among the six Kanto countries at that time, and also gave great shock to other Kanto vassal states. The war was irreversible and took a sharp turn for the worse because of Qin's great victory. The battle of Changping marked the end of the Warring States period characterized by numerous countries and frequent merger wars, and an unprecedented centralized empire was about to surrender. The battle of Changping, the biggest war in the Warring States and even the whole feudal history, not only has the strategic success or failure of the highest decision-making level of the most important countries worth studying, but also concentrates the participation of the most outstanding and outstanding militarists of the Warring States generation, such as Lian Po and Bai Qi, including the ingenious command of these famous generals, thus condensing the long-standing and developed military science theory and practice in ancient China. The Battle of Changping-Related Documents Most of the documents of various countries formed at that time were destroyed by Qin fire. The early ancient literature about the battle of Changping handed down from generation to generation is Historical Records, followed by Warring States Policy. Among them, Biography of Wang Jian in Tian Lei and Biography of Lin Xiangru in Lian Po in Historical Records are the most detailed, followed by Warring States Policy, Zhao Ce I, King Qin called him a son, Historical Records, Zhao Warring States Policy, Zhao Ce III, Qin Zhaochang Ping, Historical Records and New Preface. Both Qin Benji and Han in Historical Records are written in the style of memorabilia, and they are outlined. In the Warring States Policy, the three Qin Dynasties attacked the battle of Changping, the battle of Wei Ceping, the second Qin Dynasty attacked Zhao Changping, and the king of Zhongshan stopped the soldiers. Qin Cesan said that Hou Yuejun should give consideration to both birds and horses, and Historical Records and Biography of Fan Sui, etc., or limited to behind-the-scenes diplomacy of various countries. In addition, it is mentioned in Warring States Policy, Qin Ce III, Cai Ze Chasing Zhao, Han Feizi's Fairy Studies, Lu Chunqiu and Sleeping Tiger Land Qin Bamboo Slips. There are also local chronicles, Shangdang records and land-sealing records, which give full play to the advantages of local documents, and the records of the geographical position and scope of the main battlefield and the confrontation between the Qin and Zhao armies in those years are obviously much more specific and accurate than the above-mentioned records. Later, there was Sima Guangxiu's History as a Mirror. In addition, there are many ancient notes and treatises, such as Hu Yinglin's Collection of Shaoshi Mountain. There are many works by modern people, such as the History of Warring States by Yang Kuan, the History of China's Wars in Past Dynasties by National Taiwan University, Zhang Jun's Journal of Shanxi Normal University Gu Changping, No.2 1959, and the History of Teaching, No.9, No.65438. Mr. Yang Kuan has written about the time of the battle of Changping and on the time of the battle of Changping in the third, 1983 and10 issues of History Teaching. In recent years, Jin and Xie Hongxi's The Battle of Changping-A Study of the Biggest Battle in Ancient China and New Textual Research on the Battle of Changping in Warring States are the first monographs. The battle of Changping-the battle that affected Changping was the earliest and largest encirclement and suppression war in the history of our country. In this war, because the country with the greatest strength in reunifying China suffered a devastating blow, Qin's national strength greatly surpassed that of other countries at the same time, which greatly accelerated the process of Qin's unification of China. Through the battle of Changping, Qin destroyed enough effective forces of Zhao. Zhao was badly hurt and never recovered. The six countries were weak, and the historical process of Qin's unification of the world was greatly advanced.