1, ancient Greece and Rome

Ancient Greek and Roman science and technology refers to the science and technology in ancient Greece and Rome, and its achievements reached the peak of the development of science and technology in slave society. It is the foundation of modern western science and technology, and his scientific thoughts and methods have also had a certain impact on the development of modern western science and technology.

2. The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages, which lasted from the 5th century to15th century, was the middle period of the division of the three traditions in European history. The Middle Ages began with the decline of the Western Roman Empire (AD 476), and finally merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration (geographical discovery). Another view is that the Middle Ages ended with the demise of the Eastern Roman Empire.

3.14-19th century capitalism development period-workshop handicraft period.

The modern history of the world is the history of the emergence, establishment and development of capitalism. It is the history of the emergence and development of capitalism, the gradual formation of the capitalist world system and the transition to the empire.

There are three lines in the modern history of the whole world: first, the establishment and development of the capitalist system; Second, the struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie; Third, the people of Asia, Africa and Latin America oppose colonial oppression. In terms of time and content, it can be divided into three periods: early bourgeois revolution, industrial capitalism and monopoly capitalism.

4. During the industrial revolution

The industrial revolution began in the 1960s18th century, and is generally believed to have originated in the middle of England. It refers to the early course of capitalist industrialization, that is, capitalist production has completed the transition from workshop handicraft industry to machine industry. The industrial revolution is a production and scientific and technological revolution in which machines replace manpower and large-scale factory production replaces manual production in individual workshops.

Because the invention and application of machines have become the symbol of this era, historians call this era the "machine age".

5. During the second industrial revolution.

The second industrial revolution means that European countries, the United States and Japan completed bourgeois revolution or reform in the middle of19th century, which promoted economic development. 65438+At the end of 1960s, the second industrial revolution began. Mankind has entered the "electrical age".

The second industrial revolution made the capitalist countries develop unevenly in economy, culture, politics and military affairs, and the imperialist struggle for market economy and world hegemony became more intense. The second industrial revolution promoted the formation of the world colonial system, finally established the capitalist world system, and the world gradually became a whole.

6. World War II, Yalta System and Bipolar Pattern Period.

The Second World War (World War II for short, also known as the World Anti-Fascist War,1September 9391-KLOC-0/September 2, 945) was based on the three fascist axis countries of the Third Reich, the Japanese Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, with the servant countries such as Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria as one side and the anti-fascist alliance. ?

World War II ended with the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, the Republic of China and other anti-fascist countries and the people of the world defeating the fascist aggressors and winning world peace and progress.

World War II objectively promoted the development of science and technology, and this war promoted the development and progress in aviation technology, atomic energy, heavy artillery and other fields.

Second, the timeline of the ancient history of China.

According to historical documents and archaeological evidence, the ancient history of China can be divided into ten periods:

1, Yanhuang period: represented by Yangshao culture, about 2400 years (50 BC to the 26th century). Agricultural society, late matriarchal society, bronze age and early paternal society shall prevail. Private ownership, commerce, war and slavery have emerged during the Yanhuang period.

2. Yu Xia period: represented by Longshan culture and Qijia culture, about one thousand years (26th century BC to16th century BC). The bottom of Erlitou culture: the symbols of ancient civilization such as early bronze age, two-wheeled vehicles, cities and characters shall prevail. Zhuan Xu, Yao, Shun and Yu in the legendary era can all be studied in the stories of this era.

3. Shang and Zhou Dynasties: the middle of Bronze Age, the middle of enfeoffment system, with Yin Ruins and Oracle Bone Inscriptions as typical representatives. The trilogy of this era consists of the trilogy of Tang Dynasty, Wu Wang's attack on Zhou Dynasty and Han Dynasty's rebellion. About 800 years.

4. Qi and Chu: The age of copper and iron, about 600 years. Many neighboring nationalities, represented by Qi and Chu (representing the coastal areas and the Yangtze River valley respectively), merged into China on a large scale, which laid the foundation for the final formation of the Han nationality. In this era, the enfeoffment system collapsed from its peak, the society changed dramatically, and the feudal monarchy sprouted. There are some important historical stories, such as the peace in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the eastward movement of Pingdong, the conquest of the Central Plains by respecting the king, the political reform of Shang Yang and the battle of Changping.

5. Qin and Han Dynasties: From the Iron Age, China entered the imperial age. Cai Lun's improvement of papermaking is of epoch-making significance, with the slogan of "Great Unity, Same Book" and Historical Records and Hanshu as the symbols of the times. There are some important historical stories, such as the annexation of six countries by the State of Qin, the uprising in Daze Township, the dispute between Chu and Han, Zhang Qian's mission to the western regions, Huo Qubing's closure of the wolf's residence, Zhaojun's departure from the fortress, and Ban Chao's joining the army.

6. Wei and Jin Dynasties. Kang Long has feelings, the Yellow Scarf Uprising, Three Kingdoms and Two Jin Dynasties, Five Chaos and Sixteen Countries, Northern and Southern Dynasties.

7. Sui and Tang Dynasties. Phoenix nirvana, prosperous Sui and Tang Dynasties, Sui Kewenju, Mahayana Xuanzang, Zhenguan Tiankhan, and then Emperor Goddess. (Emperor Wendi Sui ...)

8. Song Yuanji. There is one family in the world, heaven in hell, extreme civilization, great achievements in barbarism, endless pain in China's wounds, and enlightenment from the magic whip. (Borrowing the meaning of the European Renaissance) (Crusades, Mongolia's Western Expedition, Baghdad's Centennial Translation Movement ...)

9. Ming and Qing dynasties. Huang Liangshi, Conan Red Mansion, Millennium Dream, Centennial Shame, Gold Powder Empire, Malignant Tumor, Totalitarian Prison, 100,000 Merits, all married. (Dream of Red Mansions ...)

10, * * * and Ji. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Westernization Movement, Sino-Japanese War, Long March of Northern Expedition, Republic of China Peace, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

Extended data

The ancient history of the world began with the appearance of human beings three or four million years ago and ended in about15th century. It is divided into two historical periods: ancient and medieval, and experienced primitive society, slave society and feudal society.

The ancient history of the world is from the birth of mankind to the Renaissance (14-16th century). Before the emergence of civilization, human beings experienced a long prehistoric period. With the development of productive forces, primitive society was gradually replaced by class society. Since five or six thousand years ago, splendid ancient civilizations have been born in great river basins in Asia and Africa, and in Greece and Rome in Europe, and countries have emerged and entered the slave society.

In the process of the decline and collapse of slavery, the feudal system was developed and established, and the social, economic and cultural development was slow. In the ancient history of the world, the ancient civilizations created by various nationalities in various regions laid the foundation for the emergence and development of modern civilization. The formation of Buddhism, Christianity and Islam has had a far-reaching impact on the development of world history.

From the appearance of human civilization to the15th century, the contacts and exchanges between Asia, Africa and Europe were gradually strengthened, while America and Oceania were basically isolated from Asia, Africa and Europe.

China is one of the earliest developed countries in the world with a written history of nearly 4,000 years. The ancient history of China has gone through the following stages: primitive society (1.7 million years ago-2070 BC), slave society (2070 BC-476 BC) and feudal society.

Among them, the feudal society can be divided into five stages: the Warring States and Qin and Han Dynasties are the stages of the formation and initial development of the feudal society. The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties were the stages of the division of feudal countries and the great integration of nationalities. Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties were the prosperous stages of feudal society. The Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties were a period when national integration was further strengthened and the feudal economy continued to develop. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were a period of consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country and gradual decline of feudal system.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Ancient World History (Branch of World History)

Baidu Encyclopedia-Ancient History of China (History of China)