Origin and characteristics
There are records about Xuan paper in the Records of Famous Paintings in Past Dynasties and the Book of New Tang Dynasty. It began in the Tang Dynasty and was handed down from generation to generation. Original rice paper
The land is Jingxian County, Anhui Province. In addition, Xuancheng, Taiping and other places near Jingxian County also produce this kind of paper. In the Song Dynasty, the paper industry in Huizhou, Chizhou and Xuancheng gradually moved to Jingxian. At that time, these areas were all under the jurisdiction of Ningguo Prefecture (Xuancheng), so the paper produced here was called "Xuan Paper" under the name of the government system, and some people called it Jingxian Paper. Because Xuan paper has the characteristics of easy storage, durability and colorfastness, it has the reputation of "paper lives for thousands of years". According to folklore, after the death of Cai Lun, a paper-making master in the first year of Jianguang in the Eastern Han Dynasty (12 1), Kong Dan, a disciple of the Eastern Han Dynasty, took papermaking as his profession in southern Anhui, hoping to make the best paper in the world and compose music for the portrait of the master to show his memory. But it is hard to get what you want year after year. One day, Kong Dan happened to see an old rosewood tree lying by the stream. Due to years of sun and rain, the bark has rotted and turned white, revealing wisps of fine and clean fibers. Kong Dan used it to make paper, and after repeated experiments, he finally made a kind of paper with excellent texture, which became the famous Xuan paper. There is a kind of rice paper called "Four Feet Dan" to commemorate Kong Dan, which has been passed down to this day. Yu Chunhua Xuan painted rice paper.
According to the preface of Xiao's Genealogy, which was rebuilt during the reign of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, "At the end of Song Dynasty, there were many wars and all kinds of fancy flowers to avoid the chaos of Ssangyong."
Busy. Cao Sun, the younger generation of Duke VIII of Cao Shizhong, moved from Qiuchuan to Xiaoling and was divided into thirteen schools. This is a mountainous area, and the fields are scarce, so it is impossible to cultivate. Because of Cai Lun's skill, he makes a living by it. "Cao Dasan inherited the paper-making technology of his predecessors, improved it step by step through practice, and finally made good white paper. Because the distribution center of paper is mostly in Xuancheng, which is under the jurisdiction of the state, it is named Xuan paper. The fame of Xuan paper began in the Tang Dynasty. In The Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties written by Zhang Yanyuan, a critic of calligraphy and painting in the Tang Dynasty, he said, "A good man should buy hundreds of Xuan paper and wax it to copy it. "This shows that rice paper has been used for painting and calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty. According to the old Tang book, in the second year of Tianbao (743), Jiangxi, Sichuan,
Paper tribute is produced in southern Anhui and eastern Zhejiang, especially in Xuancheng County. It can be seen that rice paper had been crowned everywhere at that time. The "Chengxintang" paper produced by Li Yu, Queen of Southern Tang Dynasty, is a treasure in Xuan paper. Skin is like an egg membrane, clean as jade, thin and smooth, and crowned for a while. Xuan paper has the characteristics of "tough and moist, smooth but not slippery, white and dense, pure texture, lossless rubbing and strong ink wetting", and has unique permeability and lubricity. Writing is both a bone and a spirit, while painting is full of spirit, and it has become the calligraphy and painting paper that best reflects China's artistic style. The so-called "ink is divided into five colors", that is, it is completed in one stroke, with distinct shades, visible textures, distinct Mo Yun and distinct layers. This is the artistic effect achieved by painters and painters by using the moistening property of Xuan paper to control the proportion of ink and wash, and the brush strokes are slow and smooth. Plus anti-aging and no discoloration. Worms eat less and live longer, so they have the reputation of "the king of paper, the paper with a thousand years of life". /kloc-won the gold medal in Panama International Paper Competition in the 20th century. Besides painting poems, Xuan paper is also the best paper for writing diplomatic notes and preserving high-level archives and historical materials. China handed down a large number of rare ancient books and the ink of famous painters and calligraphers, most of which are preserved on Xuan paper, and still remain the same today. Origin of China Xuan Paper: Jingxian County, Anhui Province.
Edit the classification of rice paper in this paragraph.
Classification by processing method
Xuan paper can generally be divided into two types: Xuan paper base paper and processed paper. After the last baking process, the paper properties (good or bad and ink color effect) have been basically determined. This finished paper "unaffected by subsequent processing" is the base paper of Xuan paper. Processed paper refers to paper that is reprocessed on the basis of base paper, such as changing paper properties and visual effects-excluding "cutting only according to size", such as printing, alum, polishing, etc. . .
According to the ink level on the paper.
Xuan paper is divided into raw Xuan paper, semi-cooked Xuan paper and cooked Xuan paper.
. Shengxuan has strong water absorption and hydrophilicity, and it is easy to produce rich Mo Yun changes. By splashing and accumulating ink, water can be collected and diluted to achieve the artistic effect of water flow. Used for freehand brushwork. What Sheng Xuan pursues in painting is this "changeable" interest in ink, which is determined when he puts pen to paper, and ink permeates quickly, which is not easy for unskilled people to master. It is this magical variability that has attracted countless celebrities and masters to make unremitting explorations in the pursuit of Mo Yun and change since ancient times, and has never stopped cooking rice paper.
Cooked Xuan is coated with alum when it is processed, so the paper is harder than raw Xuan, and its water absorption capacity is weak, and the ink color will not spread when it is used. Therefore, the characteristics make cooked propaganda suitable for meticulous painting rather than ink freehand painting. Its disadvantage is that it will appear "alum leakage" or brittle crack when stored for a long time. Cooked Xuan can be reprocessed. Coral, mica paper, cold gold, wine gold, glutinous golden flower tendon and peach tiger skin are all reprocessed colored papers. Health promotion is highly absorbent. When writing with light ink, the ink easily penetrates and melts. It is relatively easy to write in thick ink. Therefore, when creating calligraphy and painting, you need to master the shade of ink to be handy. Semi-cooked Xuan is also processed from raw Xuan, and its water absorption capacity is between the first two. Yu Ban Xuan belongs to this category. The simple way to distinguish between raw propaganda and cooked propaganda is to dip paper with water. Health propaganda is the time when the water is dispersed immediately, and cooked propaganda is the time when the condensation is basically unchanged. Half-cooked propaganda (also called boiling hammer propaganda) spreads slowly.
Edit the classification of rice paper in this paragraph.
One page of old rice paper samples classified by raw materials
It can be divided into three categories: cotton, skin cleansing and ultra-clean; Generally speaking, cotton material refers to the paper with raw material sandalwood bark accounting for about 40%, which is thinner and lighter; Peeling means that the content of sandalwood bark reaches more than 60%; However, the content of sandalwood bark, the raw material of ultra-clean skin, is above 80%. The heavier the leather composition, the greater the tension that the paper can bear and the better the quality; The corresponding use effect is: the higher the proportion of sandalwood, the richer the ink layers, the better the ink moistening effect, and the more able to withstand repeated rubbing with pen power without damaging the paper surface. This may also be one of the reasons why cotton Xuan paper is mostly used for calligraphy and leather paper is mostly used for painting-not to say that you can't write with clean leather paper or especially clean leather paper, but cotton Xuan paper can basically meet the needs of calligraphy (unless your calligraphy style requires repeated painting in the same place with a pen).
Classification by specification
Can be divided into three feet, four feet, five feet, six feet, eight feet, two feet, six feet;
Classification by thickness
It can be divided into tying flowers, picking cotton, single announcement, re-announcement, double announcement, two-layer and multi-layer and so on.
Edit this paragraph according to the paper grain classification.
Can be divided into single silk road, double silk road, rib, turtle pattern, special type and so on;
Edit the raw materials and technology of this paragraph.
The selection of raw materials for Xuan paper is closely related to the geographical environment of Jingxian County, where it is produced. As Pteroceltis tatarinowii is one of the main local tree species, Pteroceltis tatarinowii bark has become the main raw material of rice paper. At the beginning, there was no straw as raw material. Later, in the process of leather processing, straw was used to fill the pile feet, and it was found that it could also become white pulp. Later, straw became one of the main raw materials of rice paper. Among the straws, Jingxian high-quality Shatian long-stalk indica rice is the best, because this kind of straw is printed much more than thread-bound rice paper.
Ordinary straw is fibrous, not perishable and easy to bleach naturally, so there has been such a saying since ancient times: "I would rather have the grass in Jingxian than the skin in Tongling." After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, bamboo, hemp, mulberry, bamboo and hemp were added to the raw materials, and then it was expanded to more than ten kinds. After soaking, ashing, cooking, bleaching, pulping, water fishing, adding glue, flood pasting and other 18 processes, it can be made in one year. In addition, in the pulping process, carambola juice should be added to the pulp, because it contains gum, which can make the pulp more uniform, and the removed wet paper is easy to accumulate and improve the paper yield. Therefore, carambola, also known as kiwifruit, has become an indispensable raw material.
technical characteristics
Xuan paper folding fan
Xuan paper has the characteristics of "tough and moist, smooth but not slippery, white and dense, pure texture, lossless rubbing and strong ink wetting", and has unique permeability and lubricity. Writing about bones and gods, painting about qi, has become a calligraphy and painting paper that can best reflect China's artistic style. The so-called "ink is divided into five colors", that is, it is completed in one stroke, the depth is dark, the texture is visible, and the Mo Yun is clear and distinct. This is the artist's artistic effect of controlling the proportion of ink by using the moistening property of rice paper, and the pen is slow and smooth. Coupled with aging resistance, no discoloration, less moth-eaten, long life, it has the reputation of "the king of paper and the paper with a thousand years of life". /kloc-won the gold medal in Panama International Paper Competition in the 20th century. Besides painting poems, Xuan paper is also the best paper for writing diplomatic notes and preserving high-level archives and historical materials. China handed down a large number of rare ancient books and the ink of famous painters and calligraphers, most of which are preserved on Xuan paper, and still remain the same today.
Edit the standard size of China Xuan paper here.
Three-foot full open: 100 x 55 three-foot single: 100 x 27 three-foot horizontal batch: 100 x 55 three-foot joint: 100 x 27 three-foot bucket: 55 x 50 four-foot full open: 138 x 69 four-foot single. 9 Four-legged couplet: 138 x 34 Four-legged bucket: 69 x 68 Four-legged three-split: 69 x 46 Four-legged four-split: 46 x 34 Four-legged eight-split: 35 x 34 Five-legged full-split: 153 x 84 Five-legged single: 153 x 42 Five-legged horizontal batch. : 153 x 42 five-foot cube: 84 x 77 six-foot fully open: 180 x 97 six-foot three-open: 97 x 60 six-foot couplet: 180 x 49 six-foot cube: 97 x 90 seven-foot fully open: 238 x 129 eight-foot fully open: Zhang Erchi: 367 x 144 Zhang Erchi: 503 x 193 Zhang Erchi: 600 x 248 According to the national standard of geographical indication product Xuan paper GB/T 18739-2008 Xuan paper for China calligraphy and Chinese painting. The size of China's paintings and calligraphy works actually refers to the size of the rice paper used. Comparison and conversion of painting size Since ancient times, in the calligraphy and painting market transactions in China, the price is generally discussed according to the size of calligraphy and painting, that is, the unit of valuation is usually "square feet". However, due to the various forms of China's paintings and calligraphy, there is a certain conversion relationship between "shape" and "square foot". Understanding and mastering the conversion between this relationship will be very helpful for investing in famous paintings and calligraphy. Comparison table of painting and calligraphy dimensions: the size of rice paper is eight feet six feet five feet four feet three feet corresponding area (square feet) 261618 5 should be the size (cm)120x240 95x18084x148.
Edit this paragraph of rice paper collection.
Xuan paper design drawings
"As light as a cicada's wing, as white as snow and as thin as a thread." When collecting Xuan paper, you should look for authentic traditional famous products, especially those that are white, delicate, clear and soft. It is understood that one of the main materials for making rice paper is celadon bark, but even if it is used, if there is no unique climate and geographical environment of origin, the quality of celadon bark is different, and the rice paper made is very different. At present, the country has strictly protected the origin of Xuan paper, which is defined as "refined from Shatian straw and Pteroceltis tatarinowii produced in Jingxian county and its surrounding areas, refined from Jingxian county's unique mountain spring water and traditional technology". It is best to combine the quality characteristics of rice paper products with the recognition of calligraphy and painting circles to collect rice paper. At the same time, we should pay attention to the following three issues: first, the collected rice paper should be authentic; Second, the collection of Xuan paper should pay attention to varieties, and the choice of varieties is best based on the preferences of people in the painting and calligraphy circles; Three, the collection of Xuan paper should pay attention to the characteristics, as far as possible to collect small quantities of paper with special themes. Insiders pointed out that any kind of collection is the best time for Tibetan friends to enter the market in the early days. However, it is precisely because of the particularity of the initial stage that how to understand the truth with insight has become the most critical issue. People who lack or have no corresponding knowledge had better not get involved easily. In recent years, with the increasing recognition of obsolete rice paper, in addition to some limited edition varieties, the prices of some rice paper with relatively long shelf life (the industry default period is more than 5 years, which can be called "obsolete paper") are also rising year by year, which makes some advanced eyes (funds) gradually favor it. Because this variety is stable and safe, it is likely to develop into a new investment channel. According to the reaction of a few authentic Xuan paper manufacturers in Jingxian County, in the past two years, the orders of some individual customers have shown a rapid growth in quantity and total amount. At the same time, the rice paper in the factory inventory has also been snapped up in the past two years.
Edit the selection and distinction of this paragraph.
First, flexibility
After kneading the raw materials into a ball and ironing them, they can still be restored to their original appearance. When you create a work on your birthday presentation, after the ink of the work is dry, even if you rub the written work at will, the framed work will still present a flat visual effect. Especially in the production of rubbings, the flexibility of rice paper has been fully reflected. The tissue paper specially used for making rubbings can remain flexible, cracked and non-stop in a perfect state despite repeated slapping.
B, wet dyeability
When buying rice paper in a store, the easiest way to judge whether it is raw or cooked is to test it with water. When the water drops on the rice paper, the raw rice gradually spreads around, while the cooked rice does not spread immediately or no longer. We call the phenomenon that water droplets gradually spread around health promotion as wet dyeing characteristics. Health promotion has strong wet dyeing, and the degree of wet dyeing of different health promotion papers is also different. This wet dyeing can enhance the charm and layering of Chinese painting performance. When applied to calligraphy creation, the writer has a strong writing skill, which can drive the ink to wet dye and wash well. We can make use of the four-stream characteristics of ink falling into paper to turn ink into inward penetration. In this way, the ink left on the surface of the paper penetrates into the inside of the paper. When the writer practices skillful writing skills, the winning wet dyeing makes the written font full and strong, and the ink line will show a round and three-dimensional visual impact after the work is mounted. Because of the unique wet dyeing of health promotion, writing becomes more and more difficult. Therefore, calligraphy practice, as a practical behavior to improve life accomplishment, needs long-term cultivation to achieve the expected goal. For wet dyeing, it can exercise the writer's inner self-restraint and self-cohesion, and it is also a way to test the writer's patience and character.
C, ink absorption
In addition to wet dyeing characteristics, Shengxuan also has strong ink absorption performance. The wet dyeing characteristics of the winning selection are caused by the characteristics of water, and the wet dyeing phenomenon caused by writing with light ink is obvious, while the wet dyeing degree caused by writing with thick ink is relatively weak. The ink absorption of Xuan paper is closely related to its internal structure and ink used. "Water leaves ink" is an appropriate expression of this feature, and it is also a perfect integration of extremely fine "ink particles" and the internal fiber "pipeline structure" of rice paper. Therefore, the quality of ink (paste ink for creation) and the quality of paper are the biggest factors that affect the color effect of ink. It is the wet dyeability of Shengxuan that makes it have strong ink absorption. In terms of wet dyeing, Shengxuan's strong ink absorption makes it have a unique wet dyeing effect. On the contrary, the strong ink absorption of Shengxuan makes it have a unique wet dyeing effect. The two complement each other, which makes the paintings and calligraphy works created by Sheng Xuan have strong visual effects and unique charm.
D, difficulty
Just like climbing a peak, although it is difficult, challenging pursuit has always been the spirit of human forge ahead. In the field of calligraphy and painting creation, the use of Shengxuan makes calligraphy shine because of its difficulty in writing. Here, we focus on the phenomenon of writing difficulty and explain its significance, which can spur people who like painting and calligraphy. Because of the difficulty of propaganda, many people are discouraged, which makes it difficult for many people to make achievements in the field of calligraphy and painting in China. The difficulty of writing health propaganda language is reflected in pen and ink. The reason why the ink on the surface of health promotion paper is difficult to flow freely is because of the strong astringency of health promotion, which makes it difficult to use ink. Imagine that once we go beyond the astringency of life propaganda writing, writers can feel the fullness and strong sense of brushwork produced by astringent writing; Starting from practicing Tai Chi calligraphy, it is to let you enter extrasensory feeling. You can improve your writing level step by step in this astringent writing. Finally, you can have a deep feeling about writing bit by bit, so that you can go upstream in this astringent "adversity" and experience the taste of falling back if you don't advance, so that you can taste the happiness step by step in your continuous efforts. Difficulties such as resistance, raw rice paper surface such as anti-slip agent. When you write on paper, you find that the friction increases, so it is not easy for you to write. Once you have overcome the friction between pen and paper and run in seamlessly, your writing will be able to break through the dilemma.
E, brightness
Xuan paper is held in your hand or hung under the bracket. When the hanging rice paper is blown by the wind, the thin rice paper will float. It is precisely because of this lightness and thinness that Taiji Shudao method created the suspended writing training method. Suspended writing means writing (painting) on suspended rice paper. This kind of hanging writing can also be called light writing. When the paper is suspended, the raw rice paper of the stressed object cannot be fixed. The brush can't focus on the floating paper as much as possible, so how to write a calm and happy work on the thin raw rice paper has become a "wonderful" place for the light spirit school to write. By writing on suspended paper, we can deeply understand the relationship between soft brush and special ink effect and raw rice paper, and realize the importance of conscious activity in writing. Without the lightness of Xuan paper, the hanging performance in Taiji Shudao practice could not be carried out. The following article will analyze hanging writing. Through the practice of hanging writing, we can have a brand-new understanding of people's spiritual activities, which provides a promising way for us to explore and improve our writing level and realm.
F. Persistence
Because in the process of making rice paper, lignin, protein and other unstable elements are removed to the greatest extent, almost all fibers are relatively stable, which makes rice paper stable and not easy to change, on the other hand, it is relatively pure and not easy to be eaten by insects, and it is the paper carrier with the longest preservation time since ancient times. Paper life refers to this characteristic, which has been successfully demonstrated by professional researchers in a simulated environment.
J, adhesiveness
As can be seen from the above, although it is difficult to write on raw rice paper, when you are proficient in writing, wait for you to skillfully write the fonts into the rice paper, and when the ink is dry, soak the dried raw rice paper in clear water. Even if it is soaked for a long time, the raw rice paper with ink will not flow away, that is, the ink will not melt because it is soaked in water. This phenomenon is the performance of the adhesion of rice paper. Raw rice paper is adhesive, which makes painting and calligraphy more artistic after mounting. The adhesion of raw rice paper is related to the ink absorption mentioned above. The premise of this adhesion is that raw rice paper has strong ink absorption, even if you use dry raw rice paper to wipe your hands, you will not get ink.
E. adding value
With the overall improvement of economic living standards, people's spiritual life requirements are also constantly improving, which stems from the cherish of resource products. In recent years, the collection of Xuan paper has quickly become the goal of more and more collectors and investment enthusiasts. The situation of short supply for several years has made this proliferation more and more valued by people.
Edit this painting and calligraphy paper town-Jiajiang
Jiajiang hand-made paper began in the Tang Dynasty, and Jiajiang paper entered a prosperous period in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the county's paper output accounted for one-third of the country. According to historical records, in the early years of Kangxi, two pieces of paper presented by Jiajiang, namely "long curtain paper roll" and "square fine soil joint", were designated as "Wen Wei paper roll" and "palace paper" by Kangxi himself. Jiajiang Paper has a great reputation. In addition to sending the capital to imperial examinations and palaces regularly every year, businessmen from all over the world gather in Jiajiang to purchase Jiajiang paper products. Therefore, Jiajiang has the reputation of "the hometown of Shu paper". During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the number of trough households grew to more than 5,000, with more than 40,000 employees, and the annual output of paper was as high as 8,000 tons. At the same time, Mr. Zhang Daqian, a master of Chinese painting, went to Jiajiang twice to discuss with the big trough households to improve the quality of Jiajiang painting and calligraphy paper. 1983165438+1October, in order to commemorate Daqian's contribution to improving the quality of Jiajiang traditional Chinese painting paper, Jiajiang county government named Jiajiang traditional Chinese painting paper "Daqian calligraphy and painting paper". 1986 produced long fiber six-foot calligraphy and painting paper, which was exported to the United States, Japan and other countries that year, 18.2 tons. 1994 produces more than 7,000 tons of handmade paper, including 5,352 tons of calligraphy and painting paper mainly made of Xuan paper.
Edit Zhang Daqian and Jiajiang Paper in this paragraph.
Zhang Daqian, a master of Chinese painting, once praised: "Two pieces of paper can be called two treasures." Comparing Jiajiang paper with Anhui Xuan paper, we can see the owner's love for Jiajiang paper. Master and Jiajiang Paper have an indissoluble bond. During the Anti-Japanese War, Mr. Daqian lived in Chengdu. His special "gale paper" in Anhui was almost used up, so he had to give in and paint with Jiajiang's "pink lotus stone" paper. However, "pink lotus stone" is soft and tough, with poor water resistance and poor ink absorption and permeability, which can not achieve the ideal painting effect. Therefore, Zhang Daqian is determined to completely transform the "pink lotus stone". Therefore, Zhang Daqian invited his friend Yan Jiyuan to Shi Yanshan, Macun, Jiajiang County, and found Shi Ziqing, a big trough household. After carefully reading the composition and production process of the paper, he had a bottom in his heart and began to prepare medicine for new paper with Yan Jiyuan. Two months later, Zhang Daqian took the prepared potion and asked Shi Ziqing to try new paper. The water resistance and whiteness of paper are better. But the fly in the ointment is that the tensile strength of this paper is not strong and it can't stand heavy pen. After consulting several experienced paper makers, Daqian decided to add a small amount of hemp fiber to pure bamboo pulp. After two months' efforts, a new generation of Jiajiang paper was finally successfully trial-produced. The new paper is as white as snow and as soft as cotton. Zhang Daqian has a preference for it. He personally designed paper curtains and patterns and named them "Dafeng Paper". The curtain pattern of the new "Dafeng paper" is slightly wider than that of Xuan paper. Lotus leaf lace is made at both ends of the paper, and the dark lines are moires, which are located four inches inward at both ends of the paper, and there are dark prints of "Shu Jian" and "Da Feng Tang Producer" on one side. Zhang Daqian * * * made 200 knives of Jiajiang new paper, 96 sheets for each knife. After the trial, Mr. Xu Beihong and Mr. Fu Baoshi praised with one voice, and Jiajiang Paper became famous from then on. Atlas of Entries More Atlas of Entries (12)
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With the development of the times, Xuan paper, as an article, has a great momentum of integration into the collection field this year, and it has highlighted a strong investment value-added feature in real life!
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Art, Four Treasures of the Study, art supplies, paper products.