When it comes to modern European painting art, people will first think of Italy. Because the beginning of modern European history is marked by the Renaissance in the14th century, and Italy is the birthplace of the European Renaissance. Italian painting developed unprecedentedly during the Renaissance and achieved universally recognized achievements. During the Renaissance, classical realistic oil painting, the first artistic expression of oil painting, was founded in Italy, and the "Florence School" and "Venice School" which had a great influence on the development of painting art in later generations were born. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael, known as the "Three Masters" of Renaissance painting, all came from Italy, but more than half of the classic paintings created during the Renaissance today came from Italian painters at that time.

From the Renaissance or from modern Europe to the beginning of19th century, Italian painting art has been leading and leading the development of European painting art. During this period, a large number of painting artists from France, Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Britain, Russia, Belgium, Sweden, Switzerland and other European countries went to Italy to study, bringing Italian painting art patterns, experiences and techniques to all parts of Europe, such as Rubens. Rome became the undisputed center of European painting art in this period.

However, this situation changed in the19th century. The center of European painting art gradually shifted from Italy to France and Paris.

Second, the establishment of Paris painting art center.

When it comes to European painting art from19th century to the beginning of 20th century, people will first think of France. Because in France, from 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, painting not only got unprecedented important development, but also had unprecedented significant changes.

In fact, since18th century, the focus of European painting art has gradually shifted to France. /kloc-Rococonism oil painting, which was quite popular in the 0/8th century, rose in France. By the beginning of the19th century, due to the invention and application of photography technology, it had a great impact on the European classical realistic oil painting, which was dominated by Italy, and the painting art was facing severe tests and challenges. It is also at this time that, following neoclassicism oil painting, romanticism oil painting and realism oil painting, a new artistic expression of oil painting-impressionism oil painting came into being in France. Subsequently, at the beginning of the 20th century, three-dimensional abstract oil painting and other new oil painting art forms were born in France, marking the modern European painting art..

19th century is known as the golden season of French painting art, with relaxed artistic atmosphere, unprecedented activity of various artistic trends and various schools of painting art. During this period, Paris became the artistic capital and paradise that all European artists yearned for. A large number of painters came here to study and communicate, resulting in many masters and outstanding painters who created a large number of classic paintings in different forms and styles.

At the beginning of the 20th century, not only European countries, but also painters from all over the world, such as Xu Beihong, Liu Haisu, Lin Fengmian and Pan, came to France to study and create. After returning home, these painters brought the painting art forms, techniques and experiences they learned in France to their own countries and promoted them. At this point, the European painting art centered on Paris, France, reached its second climax after the Renaissance and created new glories. Oil painting originated in Europe began to go to the world and become a worldwide painting.

Neoclassical oil paintings represented by David, Wei 'an, Angel and bouguereau, Romantic oil paintings represented by Delacroix, Realistic oil paintings represented by Courbet, Impressionist oil paintings represented by Monet, Manet, Degas and Renoir, Post-Impressionist oil paintings represented by Van Gogh, Gauguin and Cezanne, three-dimensional abstract oil paintings represented by Picasso and animism oil paintings represented by Matisse. Expressionism represented by Xia Jiaer and others. At that time, masters of painting in Paris came forth in large numbers, talented people came forth in large numbers, flowers blossomed, excellent works were produced one after another, and fruitful results were achieved, which truly became the center of painting art in Europe and even the world.

3. Why can Paris, France become the center of European painting art from the 9th century to the early 20th century?

Paris, France can become the center of European painting art from the19th century to the early 20th century, which is influenced by many factors, including political, economic and cultural reasons.

First of all, politically speaking:

First, since modern times, French monarchs of all dynasties have paid more attention to the art of painting. For example, in the16th century, French King Francois I fell in love with Italian art, and all the treatments were favorable. Leonardo da vinci was specially invited to visit and live in France to teach painting skills. To express his gratitude, Leonardo da Vinci presented the most precious painting "Mona Lisa" to the king of France, and finally made the "Mona Lisa" a treasure of the Louvre. Especially after King Louis 14 in the 8th century, monarchs of past dynasties paid more attention to painting art. Although this respect was strongly hedonistic, it was for the pursuit of so-called luxury and aristocratic enjoyment, it objectively promoted the development of French painting art and created a relaxed and active painting art atmosphere. Rococonism painting art is strongly advocated by Louis 14.

Second, the influence of aristocrats and emerging bourgeoisie. In the history of modern painting in western countries, nobles have always been important supporters and biggest buyers of painting. Such as medici family in the Italian Renaissance. France is no exception. The nobility has always been the biggest buyer of painting art. After the French Revolution, the nobility withdrew from the political arena. But it still controls the cultural value judgment of the upper mainstream society. During this period, the old aristocracy and the new bourgeoisie reached a lot of understanding and consensus in the field of culture and art, which made the French painting art field form a relatively "free, relaxed and active" atmosphere and attracted many painters from outside France to develop in Paris.

Second, from an economic point of view:

Mainly to expand the scale of the city and strengthen the hardware construction such as infrastructure.

From18th century to19th century, France accumulated a lot of wealth through primitive accumulation of capitalism and colonial plunder of external expansion, which enabled it to carry out large-scale urban transformation and the construction of the capital Paris. By the middle of19th century, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte began to carry out large-scale transformation of the whole Paris city.

First, build and expand urban roads. Among them, the newly built and expanded road 137 km, the average width of the road surface is 25 meters, more than three times wider than the original road surface. At the same time, 230 kilometers of sidewalks were built and rebuilt, and the number of street lamps increased from 1.5 thousand to 32 thousand; The number of street trees increased from 50,000 to nearly 65,438+10,000.

The second is to build urban public cultural, entertainment, leisure and catering facilities such as Yuanshan Park, theaters, galleries, salons, art galleries, cafes, hotels and restaurants.

Paris after transformation is like a new city. The image, taste, grade and service of the city have been greatly improved, and the working and living environment has been greatly improved. Just as many people yearn for first-tier cities today, people from all over the world, including many artists, flock to Paris. By the middle of 19 century, the permanent population of Paris had exceeded10 million, making it the leading modern metropolis in Europe.

Third, culturally speaking:

Strengthen software construction. Strengthen and expand the exchange of painting art between the government and the people. For example, through various forms such as "please come in and go out", on the one hand, we will explore and hire foreign painting talents to develop in France, on the other hand, we will vigorously promote French painting art and so on.

It is particularly worth mentioning that in 1855 and 1867, two large-scale world expositions were held in Paris, and politicians, relevant people and artists from all countries were invited to visit them. Show the world its achievements in economy, science and technology, culture and art through the World Expo. These two World Expos have greatly enhanced and expanded the popularity and influence of France and Paris in the world. For example, Queen Victoria of Britain praised the World Expo, saying that her trip to Paris would be unforgettable.

Of course, from the19th century to the early 20th century, Paris was not only the center of European painting art, but also the center of European culture and art ... Due to the limitation of level and space, this article only expresses some humble opinions on painting art, and welcomes your discussion.