Teaching objectives

First, the basic knowledge objectives

The reasons for the outbreak of the French Revolution; Convene a third-level meeting; Capture the Bastille; Constitutional monarchy rule; Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Gironde rules; First Republic of France; Jacobin dictatorship; Hot moon coup; The historical significance of the French Revolution; The period of supervising the government; The first empire of France; Napoleon's ruling policy; Napoleon's foreign war and its evaluation.

Second, the ability training objectives

1. By guiding students to analyze the relationship between the development of capitalist economy, the spread of the Enlightenment and the crisis of French feudal autocracy, cultivate students' ability to analyze the historical development process with the viewpoint that productivity plays a decisive role in production relations and economic foundation plays a decisive role in superstructure.

2. By analyzing the functions of the three armed uprisings of the Parisian people and the historical contributions of monarchists, gironde and jacobins respectively in the revolution, we can cultivate students' ability to analyze history from the perspective of historical materialism.

3. Guide students to read the relevant materials in this textbook, compare their similarities and differences, and improve students' ability to obtain effective information from historical materials.

4. By analyzing the merits and demerits of robespierre, Napoleon and other figures, cultivate students' ability to comprehensively evaluate historical figures by using the basic viewpoints and methods of dialectical materialism and historical materialism.

Third, the goal of ideological education

1. Through the analysis of the reasons for the outbreak of the French Revolution, students can understand that the contradiction between the development of capitalist economy and feudal autocratic rule is the main reason for the tension of class relations before the French Revolution. The financial crisis of the feudal dynasty weakened the power of autocratic rule and created conditions for the success of the French Revolution and the bourgeoisie to seize power.

2. Through the analysis of the role of Paris people in the revolution, students can understand that the three uprisings of Paris people have made positive contributions to the task of bourgeois revolution and repelling the attacks of feudal forces at home and abroad. It is the strength of the people that constantly pushes the revolution to a climax.

3. By telling the process and results of the French Revolution, guide students to understand that the French Revolution was the most intense and influential bourgeois revolution in the early bourgeois revolution. It not only ended the feudal rule of France 1000 years, but also dealt a heavy blow to the feudal rule of European countries and set an example for the revolutions of other countries in the future, so it has world significance.

4. By telling the story of Napoleon's coming to power, the measures he took and the foreign war, let the students know that Napoleon's coming to power was inevitable and accidental. The measures he took consolidated and developed the achievements of the Great Revolution and impacted the feudal rule in Europe. But he was superstitious about power and launched a war of foreign conquest, which eventually led to the demise of the empire.

Teaching essentials

First, the outbreak of the Great Revolution

1. The causes of the Great Revolution

2. Convene the third-level meeting

The people of Paris captured the Bastille.

Second, the constitutional monarchy rule.

1. Various measures taken by the constitutional monarchy

2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The people of Paris launched the second uprising.

Third, the rule of gironde.

1. further destroy the remnants of the feudal system

2. The Third Uprising of Paris People

Fourth, the dictatorship of jacobins.

1. Revolutionary measures taken by jacobins

2. Hot Moon Coup

3. The historical significance of the French Revolution

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Napoleon Empire

1. The rule of the Reyue Party and the Governor's Office

2. The establishment of the First Empire of France

3. Napoleon's ruling policy

4. Napoleon's foreign war and its evaluation

Textbook analysis

This textbook describes the history of France from the second half of18th century to the beginning of19th century. Mainly talked about two aspects: the French Revolution and the First Empire of France.

The focus of this textbook is: three popular uprisings in Paris; Constitutional monarchy, the ruling policies of gironde and jacobins; The historical significance of the French Revolution; Napoleon's domestic and foreign policy and its evaluation.

The difficulties in this textbook are: the reasons for the outbreak of the Great Revolution; The contribution of constitutional monarchy to the revolution; Jacobins and the reasons for its collapse; The duality of Napoleon's foreign war.

This section is taught for 2 class hours.

The textbook describes the origin, occurrence, development and end of the French Revolution from five aspects: the reasons for the outbreak of the Great Revolution, the outbreak of the Great Revolution, the constitutional monarchy, gironde and jacobins.

First, "The outbreak of the Great Revolution", the textbook mainly wrote the following two aspects:

1. Reasons for the outbreak of the Great Revolution:

First, the sharp class opposition before the revolution. The French Revolution was about 150 years later than the British Revolution. When Britain had completed the bourgeois revolution and started the industrial revolution, France was still under the feudal autocracy of Bourbon dynasty, and the class relations were in a very sharp state of opposition. Explain that French society is divided into three classes, the first class is a priest, and the second class is a nobleman. They account for less than 1% of the total population, but they occupy two-thirds of the country's land and do not bear any tax obligations. The third class bears the taxes and other feudal obligations of the country, especially workers, urban civilians and farmers, who live in misery and strongly demand to change their living conditions. Sharp and antagonistic class relations make French society like dry wood everywhere, and there is the possibility of revolution at any time.

Second, the contradiction between capitalist development and feudal autocratic rule. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/8th century, the French capitalist economy developed greatly, among which the textile, metallurgy and mining industries developed most rapidly, ranking first in the European continent. Foreign trade has also developed rapidly. However, feudal autocratic rule has become an obstacle to the development of French capitalist economy, which is manifested as follows: the feudal government has continuously raised taxes; There are many checkpoints all over the country; Feudal land ownership still exists. The bourgeoisie is very dissatisfied with this. They demanded the abolition of feudal land ownership, feudal privileges and opposed autocratic rule. Their demands and propositions are reflected in political thoughts, that is, bourgeois enlightenment thoughts. /kloc-the emergence and wide spread of bourgeois enlightenment thought in the 0/8th century made ideological and public opinion preparations for the French Revolution and the bourgeoisie to enter the political arena.

Third, the intensification of the financial crisis. /kloc-The autocratic dynasty in France in the 0/8th century was very decadent. Foreign wars have been repeatedly defeated, and the ruler's profligacy has increased France's fiscal deficit and made it heavily in debt. By 1789, the national debt had reached 4.5 billion lithium, and the interest paid was close to one year's fiscal revenue, so the French government's finances were on the verge of bankruptcy.

To sum up, in the late18th century, the feudal dynasty experienced a comprehensive crisis in politics, economy and social consciousness, and autocratic rule became an obstacle to the development of French society. The ruling crisis of the feudal dynasty made it irretrievably desperate, which not only weakened its ruling power, but also created conditions for the French bourgeoisie to enter the historical stage.

2. With regard to the outbreak of the Great Revolution, textbooks have written the following two questions:

First, the convening of the third-level meeting. Faced with a serious financial crisis, King Louis XVI of France was forced to hold a three-level meeting on May 5, 1989. He tried to levy a new tax at the third level to ease the financial pressure and solve the urgent need. However, the representatives of the third rank are firmly opposed to autocratic rule. They demanded that the third-level meeting be turned into a constitutional meeting, that the constitution be formulated, that the royal power be restricted, and that social reform be implemented. They also demanded to change the old meeting form and voting method, but these demands were opposed by the privileged class. The third class did not flinch. They withdrew from the meeting and announced the establishment of a national assembly representing the people's will. On June 20th, Louis XVI ordered the closure of the National Assembly. On that day, the third level took a "tennis court oath" in a tennis court: Parliament will never be dissolved before the constitution is formulated and implemented. The intention of the third group of representatives is very clear, that is, to transform France into a British constitutional monarchy, with the bourgeoisie in power. The convening of the third-level meeting was tantamount to lighting a fire on dry wood, which became the fuse of the French revolution, and the constitutionalists who actively advocated constitutional monarchy in France also became the direct leaders in the early days of the revolution.

Second, capture the Bastille. Louis XVI was frightened when he saw that his rule began to fall apart. On the surface, he accepted the third-level request, but secretly mobilized the army to suppress the Constitutional Convention. But his plot was exposed, and the people of Paris immediately took to the streets to demonstrate, which later turned into an uprising. On July 14, they captured the Bastille, a symbol of feudal autocracy. This action marked the outbreak of the French Revolution. As soon as the news came out, cities all over the country responded in succession, and farmers also took active actions. The revolutionary wave surged, violently impacting the feudal dynasty and the autocratic rule collapsed.

Second, the "constitutional monarchy period" is the focus and difficulty of this section. The textbook mainly covers three aspects:

1. Various measures taken by the constitutional monarchy. After the outbreak of the Great Revolution, the constitutional monarchy representing the interests of the big bourgeoisie seized power with the support of the people. Constitutional monarchy exercises power through the Constituent Assembly. Constitutional monarchy contributed a lot to the French Revolution, which was manifested in transforming the old feudal system politically, economically and legally and establishing the basic principles of capitalist society. Its concrete manifestations are as follows: politically, it announced the abolition of feudal system, including the abolition of feudal privileges of churches and nobles; Economically, the property of the church and the fugitive aristocrats was confiscated, the checkpoints were cancelled, and all citizens and property were required to pay taxes, which made a large number of land belonging to feudal aristocrats and churches transferred to the bourgeoisie; Legally, the constitutional monarchy country promulgated the 1 791Constitution in1,which not only affirmed the anti-feudal decrees promulgated by the Constitutional Assembly before, but also stipulated that France was a bourgeois constitutional monarchy country. This adapts to the needs of bourgeois rule and ensures the legitimacy of the bourgeoisie's mastery of political power. However, this constitution also stipulates an electoral system with property restrictions, which is quite different from the relevant contents of the previous Declaration of Human Rights, and reflects the class limitations of the French bourgeoisie represented by the constitutional monarchy.

2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 1789 was promulgated by the Constituent Assembly in August, and it is a programmatic document of the French Revolution. Its core content is to clarify the bourgeois human rights requirements and the proposition of governing the country according to law. The purpose of publishing the "Declaration of Human Rights" is to stipulate in legal form the ideas advocated by enlightenment thinkers, such as "sovereignty belongs to the people", freedom, equality, security and resistance to oppression, equality before the law, inviolability of private property and "natural human rights", as the basic principles for establishing a capitalist society. This will completely deny and destroy the feudal monarchy and feudal hierarchy, which is undoubtedly progressive and revolutionary.

3. The end of constitutional monarchy. The reason is that in the autumn of 179 1, the development of the French Revolution encountered serious problems. At home, the stagnation of production caused by the war has led to the deterioration of people's lives and caused dissatisfaction among the masses; Abroad, European feudal monarchies represented by Russia, Austria and Prussia formed an "anti-French alliance" and openly interfered in France's internal affairs. In order to defend the revolutionary achievements, the Constituent Assembly declared war on Austria in April 1792. However, due to the failure to fully mobilize the masses, the royalist forces sold information, which led to defeat on the battlefield. 1792 In August, the people of Paris, France launched the second uprising, captured the palace and overthrew the monarchy. At the same time, it also ended the constitutional monarchy and put gironde, who represents the interests of the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, on the historical stage. The French Revolution thus entered the second stage.

Three, in the "gironde rule", textbooks mainly talked about two aspects:

1. further eliminate the remnants of the feudal system. First of all, Gironde, who came to power after the August uprising, learned the lessons of constitutional monarchy and paid attention to further expanding civil rights. Gironde announced the implementation of "universal suffrage", abolished the provision of property-based citizenship, and accordingly elected a new authority-the Legislative Assembly. Second, promulgate a new land law to further transform the feudal land system. In rural areas, public land is distributed according to households, and all feudal rights on "ownerless land" are abolished free of charge. Gironde's above policies have won the support of the broad masses of the people. 1 in September, the news of the fall of Verdun fortress reached Paris, and the capital immediately boiled. Encouraged by the revolutionaries, ordinary people took up arms and went to the front. On September 20, the French army defeated the Prussian army at Valmika, which reversed the passive situation on the battlefield. Third, further destroy absolute monarchy and establish bourgeois dictatorship. On September 22nd, the National Assembly passed a resolution to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic. The first French Republic was born. After the founding of the Republic, gironde and jacobins had a heated argument about how to deal with the king. At the strong demand of the broad masses of the people, at the beginning of 1793, the National Association guillotined Louis XVI on charges of "conspiring against public freedom and endangering national security", and the French Revolution took another step forward.

2. The end of gironde's rule. This is the focus of this textbook. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the situation facing France is still very grim: domestic materials are in short supply, prices are soaring, unscrupulous businessmen seize the opportunity to hoard, and the people are miserable. The reason for this situation is related to gironde's "free trade" policy. To this end, there have been demonstrations across the country demanding price limits. At the same time, the Wang Party launched a riot in the west. /kloc-in the spring of 0/790, the first anti-French alliance initiated by Britain and attended by Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain also arrived in France from all directions. Faced with such a critical situation, jacobins insists on the price limit policy. However, gironde was unwilling to give up his vested interests, took a hostile attitude towards the demand for price limit, and even took action to suppress jacobins, which intensified the contradiction between gironde and the people, thus losing the support of the people and leading to the collapse of the rule. 1793 From the end of May to the beginning of June, people in jacobins launched the third uprising and overthrew the rule of gironde. The French Revolution entered the third stage.

Admittedly, in the second stage of the French Revolution, gironde made great contributions to the abolition of the monarchy, the establishment of the French Republic, the further transformation of the feudal land system and the abolition of farmers' feudal obligations. However, at the critical moment of the Republic's life and death, they could not temporarily limit and sacrifice their own interests, which led to the rejection and collapse of the people.

Fourthly, the term "jacobin Dynasty" is also the focus and difficulty of this textbook. The textbook mainly talks about three aspects.

1. jacobins's revolutionary measures and functions. 1. Textbooks summarize revolutionary measures into three points: 1. Promulgate decrees to destroy the feudal system. The National Association issued a decree in June, announcing that the property of the fugitive nobles would be divided into small pieces for sale, and the land price would be paid in 10 years. Rural public land can be distributed according to the local population. The land law was promulgated in July, which developed gironde's stipulation that landlords must issue original title deeds before they can continue to enjoy feudal rights, and announced the unconditional abolition of all feudal rights and the release of farmers' feudal obligations. This has played an important role in winning farmers' support for jacobins. Second, implement a terrorist policy-economic and political measures. After jacobins came to power, the anti-French alliance invaded northern France, and the British army occupied the port of Toulon. Domestic royalists took the opportunity to make trouble, prices continued to soar, and Mara was assassinated. At that time, Jacques Lu wrote in his petition "The Cause of the Disaster in France Today": "When one class can starve another class with impunity, freedom is illusory. Equality is also illusory when the rich can use hoarding monopoly to manipulate the power of life and death of their compatriots. When counter-revolutionaries increasingly manipulate prices and three-quarters of citizens are unable to buy them, the Republic is also illusory. " In this situation, the National Association passed a resolution on September 5th, "putting terror on the agenda". Third, issue a general mobilization order to declare the motherland in a state of crisis. Because the laws previously promulgated in jacobins complied with the demands of the masses, the General Mobilization Order was strongly supported by the masses, and a large number of young people were enlisted in the army. By the end of 1793, a million troops had been organized. The French army defeated the interfering troops on the battlefield, and the battlefield was also transferred from home to abroad.

Second, the reign of terror and its function are the difficulties in the textbook. There are two main aspects of terrorist rule: economic terror and political terror. The former is marked by the comprehensive price limit method, which prohibits hoarding, and implements the maximum price limit policy for daily necessities, stipulating that it shall not exceed 1/3 of the price of 1790. This is a system that manages the economy through administrative means. Politically, the Regulations on Punishment of Suspects was promulgated, which established centralized rule and strengthened the struggle against the enemy. The reign of terror is a measure that jacobins is forced to take under the unprecedented grim situation of internal and external troubles. It is a "wartime system", which temporarily sacrifices some interests of the bourgeoisie to meet some demands of the masses. Therefore, the speculation of hoarding and driving up prices in the economy has been curbed and the economic chaos has been overcome to a certain extent. Politically put down the rebellion, stabilized the order, and lifted the crisis of the Republic. Its contribution is indispensable.

Textbooks comment on the positive and negative effects of jacobins's "terrorism policy". It not only affirmed its positive role in "saving the Republic and saving the revolution", but also pointed out that it violated the legal system, "attacked too widely and executed too many people", and even caused everyone's fear. At the end of the crisis, the ruling robespierre did not end as soon as possible, but also wanted to eliminate dissidents and maintain political power. This went against the trend of historical development, became the root cause of jacobins's loss of popular support and internal division, and led to its collapse.

2. Hot moon coup. After the crisis, robespierre could not change its policy according to the situation, but continued to use cruel means to deal with revolutionaries with different opinions and people of other political factions, resulting in internal division in jacobins and isolation of the regime. 1794 On July 27th (hot month 9th), the anti-robespierre forces in the National Association staged a coup and sent robespierre and his associates to the guillotine. This event marked the end of the French Revolution.

3. The historical significance of the French Revolution. From July 1789 to July 14, when the people of Paris captured the Bastille, to July 1794, the French Revolution experienced five years. For the significance of this revolution, the textbook summarizes it from four aspects. First, as far as its scale is concerned, such as a storm, it is extremely rapid; Second, the people showed great strength in the three uprisings and pushed the revolution forward at the turning point of the revolution; Third, the Great Revolution ended the feudal rule of France 1000 years. It is an uprising that "really carried out the struggle to the end for the first time until one of the warring parties, that is, the nobility, was eliminated and the other party, that is, the bourgeoisie, won completely"; Fourth, the Great Revolution also hit the feudal system in Europe, giving them a heavy blow. The thoroughness of this great revolution set an example for later revolutions in other countries, so it has world significance. As Lenin said, "It makes sense to call it the Great Revolution. This revolution has done a lot for this class and the class it serves, so that the whole 19 century, that is, the century that gave civilization and culture to all mankind, was spent under the symbol of the French Revolution. "

If 1 class is over, the teacher can organize students to make a summary: In this class, we learned about the historical conditions, outbreak, three stages of the French Revolution and the contributions of the Constitutionalists, Gironde and jacobins in the French Revolution. Please think about it. Why did the French Revolution go through three stages instead of sweeping away the feudal system at once? What role did the French people play in the revolution? What does this mean?

5. The textbook describes the French history from 1794 to 18 14 years under the title of "Napoleon Empire". This paper mainly introduces four questions:

1. The rule of Zeyue Party and the Governor's Office. The "hot moon coup" ended jacobins's rule, but the hot moon party was not the political representative of the feudal dynasty, but the representative of the interests of the big bourgeoisie. Therefore, they put an end to jacobins's dictatorship, abolished jacobins's policy of restricting and cracking down on the bourgeoisie, and freed the bourgeoisie from all kinds of bondage in the period of terror. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/795, the Reyue Party established the Governor's Office. However, the governor's rule disappointed the bourgeoisie. Because of its vacillating policy (known as "vacillating policy" in history), it is impossible to suppress the rebellion of royalist forces and stabilize the internal political situation; The failure of the second anti-French alliance armed aggression made the French Revolution face the crisis again. The bourgeoisie also hopes to establish a stronger regime to consolidate the revolutionary achievements.

2. The establishment of the First Empire of France. During the period of controlling the government, the French bourgeoisie longed for a powerful figure to protect its own interests, so Napoleon came into being. Napoleon made a name for himself in the battle of recovering Toulon in 1793. In the battle, he used artillery combined with infantry tactics to drive away the British fleet, recovered the port of Toulon, and became famous at one fell swoop. 1796 led an expedition to Italy and unexpectedly defeated the Austrian army, the main force of the anti-French alliance. He also helped the Governor quell the royalist rebellion in Paris. He was outstanding and decisive, so his reputation increased greatly and he won the trust and support of officers and men. Thus, when France was in a critical moment, Napoleon naturally became the savior and the leader of the revolution. /kloc-0 ventured back from Egypt in August, 799, 165438+ 10 returned to Paris on October 9, launched a "foggy month coup", established an executive government, and began a military dictatorship. Engels had a wonderful exposition on Napoleon's coming to power: "It happened that Napoleon, a Corsican, became the military dictator needed by the French Republic, which was exhausted by its own war. This is an accidental phenomenon. But without Napoleon, his role would be played by another person. "

After Napoleon came to power, he did not live up to the hopes of the French bourgeoisie. He defeated powerful enemies one after another, especially in the battle of Ostritz in 1804, which led the French army to defeat the Russian-Austrian Coalition forces and reached the most brilliant climax of his military career. It was also in this year that he was no longer satisfied with the rule that he could be in power for 10, and asked the Senate to issue a decree stipulating that he could be in power for life. At the end of the same year, he abolished lifelong rule and was crowned emperor at Notre Dame de Paris. At this point, the Republic ended and the First Empire of France was established, representing the interests of the big bourgeoisie.

3. Napoleon's ruling policy. After Napoleon came to power, he politically determined the policy of stabilizing the political situation as the primary task. In order to achieve this goal, he used flexible and effective strategies to deal with various opposition forces and ensure the stability of the situation. Economically, he reformed finance, founded the Bank of France, and encouraged the development of capitalist industry and commerce by granting subsidies and subsidies. Political stability has created a favorable environment for economic development, and financial reform has made the bourgeoisie gain practical benefits, thus promoting the economic revitalization of France. Legally, he attached importance to the construction of the legal system and ruled the country according to law. 1804, published by his revised civil code (also known as Napoleonic Code). This code consists of 3 articles, 35 chapters and 228 articles. Generally speaking, this code "summarizes all the laws and regulations of the revolution", legally recognizes the capitalist ownership and bourgeois social and economic order established in the Great Revolution, and legally protects them. Therefore, it is "a code of a typical capitalist society". This code has influenced the formulation of civil codes in many countries. The code also took care of the interests of the peasants. It legally guaranteed the land ownership of small farmers newly established in the Great Revolution, which not only helped to improve the production enthusiasm of French peasants, but also enabled Napoleon to get soldiers from the countryside when he was engaged in foreign wars. Therefore, Napoleon proudly said: My real glory is not that I won 40 battles. The Battle of Waterloo erased my memory of all this. But one thing will never be forgotten, and it will never be forgotten-my Civil Code. Later, France also formulated the Commercial Code and the Criminal Code, which together with the Civil Code became the legislative norms of capitalist society. In terms of cultural education, Napoleon attached great importance to scientific research and the development of cultural education. He founded public middle schools and the University of France, funded by the state, and hired famous scholars and experts at home and abroad as teachers to engage in scientific research, impart cultural knowledge and cultivate useful talents.

The implementation of the above policies has freed France from the predicament of supervising the government, consolidated and developed the capitalist system established in the French Revolution, and adjusted and revitalized the French economy. Napoleon's domestic policy not only adapted to the needs of bourgeois rule and promoted the development of domestic economy, but also won great honor for himself. However, these achievements were achieved by force and autocracy after Napoleon came to power, which fully reflected that Napoleon's empire was a bourgeois military dictatorship.

4. Napoleon's foreign war and its evaluation. From Napoleon's coming to power to the collapse of the empire, Napoleon's foreign wars continued. 1800 ~ 180 1 year, Napoleon won a decisive victory over Austria with fewer, and shattered the armed interference of the second anti-French alliance. 1805 made outstanding achievements in the battle of Austerlitz, and won the armed intervention in the third anti-French alliance. 1806 repelled the fourth anti-French alliance attack with lightning speed. These early wars dealt a heavy blow to the feudal forces in Europe and prevented the restoration of the French Bourbon dynasty. At about 18 10, no country on the European continent can be called France's opponent. First, the French Empire controlled the vast territory from Poland in the east, Spain in the west, Holland in the north and Italy in the south, and the empire was in its heyday. On the European stage, Napoleon played the role of European hegemon. Napoleon tried to establish a continental European system. In order to achieve this goal, he began to expand the war, making the war launched by France change from revolution to aggression. 1807, the French army crossed the Pyrenees, invaded Spain and enslaved the people there. As a result, it was resisted by the local people and fell into the torrent of resistance from the Spanish people. The war between Napoleon and Britain was a war between the two countries for the world market and hegemony for their respective bourgeoisie; The war with Russia is also for the hegemony of Europe. In the constant campaign, the internal contradictions of the First Empire of France became more and more serious, and Napoleon was in trouble. But he still believes in power, claiming that "there is only one trick to dominate the world, and that is power". He decided to consolidate his position with new conquest, so he went to Russia to explore. As a result, in just half a year, the French army was exhausted and weakened. The failure of the expedition to Russia became the historical turning point of the first French Empire from prosperity to decline. 18 13, the battle of Leipzig in Germany was a "national war" for the people of European countries enslaved by France, that is, a war that decided the fate of all ethnic groups in Europe. As a result, the French army was defeated and the First Empire of France began to collapse. 1865438+At the end of March 2004, the anti-French allied forces entered Paris, and Napoleon had to abdicate on April 4. On the 20th, he was taken to the Mediterranean island of Elba, and the first French Empire fell. Bourbon restoration. Later, because the counterattack of Bourbon dynasty made the French people unbearable, Napoleon miraculously fled the island and returned to Paris to rebuild his empire after 10 months. However, the feudal forces in Europe did not give Napoleon a breathing space. They quickly formed the seventh anti-French alliance and defeated Napoleon again in the decisive battle of Waterloo in June 18 15. Napoleon was in power for only 97 days, so he was known as the "Hundred Days Dynasty". Napoleon was then taken to St. Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died on May 5, 2008182/kloc-0.

The evaluation of Napoleon's foreign war can be analyzed from two aspects: on the one hand, his early war defended the achievements of the French Revolution, brought the revolutionary thought and spirit wherever the French army went, shook the feudal ruling order in the European continent, and objectively contributed to the disintegration of the European feudal system and the liberation of farmers. The historical torrent of bourgeois revolution is unstoppable. On the other hand, his later wars invaded many European countries, plundered and enslaved the people of these countries, which was aggressive and caused people's resistance, leading to his ultimate failure. In addition, Napoleon is the political representative of the French big bourgeoisie, which determines that his war must reflect the requirements of the French big bourgeoisie and must be aggressive and predatory.

Summary: In this lesson, we talked about the historical background of the establishment of the First Empire of France, Napoleon's domestic policies and foreign wars. Please think about it. What contribution did Napoleon make to the social development of France in history? How should we view these contributions?

Teaching suggestion

First, the textbook in this section is taught in 2 class hours. Suggest that teachers:

1. Note that the textbook in this section is characterized by many contents, many clues, many key points and difficulties, and tight class hours. Teachers should try their best to explain to students the causes of the Great Revolution, the development process of each stage, the achievements and influence of the revolution. The specific division of class hours should be flexibly mastered by teachers according to the specific situation.

2. Pay attention to the combination of history and theory in narration, and guide students to use dialectical materialism and historical materialism to analyze specific problems in the French Revolution and evaluate historical figures.

3. Pay attention to the difference of teaching emphasis between junior high school and senior high school, and arrange teaching methods according to the teaching materials and the age characteristics of students. The cultivation of attention ability.

Second, regarding the teaching of "the outbreak of the Great Revolution", it is suggested that teachers focus on explaining the historical conditions of the outbreak of the French Revolution to students; When talking about the content of the third-level meeting, it should be pointed out that the convening of the third-level meeting and the struggle at the third level are the beginning of the crisis of feudal autocracy and the beginning of the bourgeoisie's entry into the French political arena; Needless to say, the details about the capture of the Bastille require students to know that this is the date and symbol of the beginning of the French Revolution.

Third, the "constitutional monarchy period" is one of the key and difficult points in this section. Teachers should combine the historical materials in the teaching materials to explain clearly the historical contribution made by the constitutional monarchy, the political representative of the big bourgeoisie, to the political, economic and legal transformation of the old French system and the establishment of the basic principles of capitalist society. The Declaration of Human Rights is the most important historical document in the French Revolution. It is suggested that teachers should objectively expound its progress and limitations in combination with the social and historical conditions at that time.

Fourthly, the purpose of "gironde Dynasty" is another difficulty in this section. It is suggested that teachers should pay attention to guiding students to analyze the positive and negative effects of gironde in the French Revolution and reveal the historical role of the people, so as to tell about Pakistan in the future. /ca & gt；

References:

Full-time ordinary high school textbook (optional) Modern History of the World is a teaching book for teachers.