Human coal mining has a long history, and the earliest mining in Zhoukoudian can be traced back to Liao and Jin Dynasties. According to the records in the inscriptions of Mu Yan Temple, this point has been proved favorably. However, how did they do it? How many years has it been mined? What was the output at that time? There is no record. Until 1764, a number of coal mines appeared in Zhoukoudian in the early days, which was recorded in Jifu Tongzhi at that time. At that time, it was mainly concentrated in Changgouyu, Chechang, Xizhuang, Hulupeng, Zhoukoudian and other areas. According to the old list of coal mines in northwest fangshan county, there were 6 Zhoukoudian, plus 42 Changgouyu, Hulupeng and Si Xia 18. In this way, there are more and more coal mines in Zhoukoudian, reaching more than 60 at most. Due to the low level at that time, production was very difficult, which led to the closure of many coal mines.
With the strengthening of production technology, the production capacity has been improved, and the output is increasing every year, which greatly promotes the rapid development of the town's economy, and the per capita annual income has also made a qualitative leap, accelerating the pace of running a well-off society. When the coal mining industry in Zhoukoudian area began, there is no more accurate age at present. As far as historical materials are concerned, the earliest record can be found in the Chongmuyan Temple Monument in Qingyuan period of Liaotian (11). Mu Yan Temple was founded in the second year of Tianan in the Northern Wei Dynasty (467), with a history of 1500 years. Jia Dao, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a famous five-character poem-Sunset at Mu Yan Temple, also known as Xiushan Temple. "Tianqing" is the title of Lu Ye Yan Xi, Emperor of Liao Dynasty. In Tianqingyuan, when rebuilding Mu Yan Temple, a monument was set up to record it. There is a saying on the monument, "Coal is mined in the cave and water is pumped in the spring". It can be seen that coal mining should be earlier than Tianqingyuan, or later than Tianqingyuan at the latest, with a history of more than 900 years. Mu Yan Temple was destroyed by the sudden collapse of Yangshan Rock in the late Qing Dynasty, and now only the site of Zhoukoudian Village remains. According to the old records, Fangshan coal mining industry "originated before Liao and Jin Dynasties", which can be used as a reference for Fangshan coal mining. However, according to more accurate written records, the phrase "mining in a cave" in the Mu Yan Temple Monument is not only in Fangshan, but also the earliest accurate record ever seen by Beijing coal mining industry.
Fangshan coal mining industry originated before Liao and Jin Dynasties, and gradually flourished after Yuan and Ming Dynasties. However, in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, there were few records about the development of coal industry. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, because the eunuch in charge of Xishan Coal Mine demanded a coal tax, the owners and kiln workers of private kilns were forced to demonstrate in Kyoto, and "people with short coats filled the streets and blocked the roads". This record can be found in "Shen Ming Kistler Record".
It can be seen from this record that in the Ming Dynasty, due to the gradual prosperity of the coal industry, the court sent eunuchs to Xishan to manage coal mines and began to levy taxes. Owners and kiln workers were dissatisfied, and eunuchs demanded a coal tax and gathered in the capital. Because there are so many people, the streets and alleys in Beijing are crowded. In the Ming dynasty, eunuchs supervised coal mines, and besides extortion by eunuchs, the imperial court also imposed heavy taxes. During the Shunzhi period in the early Qing Dynasty, the imperial court issued a decree: "Coal tax is the burden of the people and will be exempted." This article can be found in typical examples of the Qing Dynasty.
From the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, mining was still primitive, and coal mining relied on pickaxes and axes. The coal lane is very narrow. In the alley, the workers almost crawled on their knees, elbowing in and out like dogs. Liao Zhi in Fangshan written by Gao Xiangyun in Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty once had poems describing the coal mining of kiln workers, such as "borrowing moths to beat wood", "dragging baskets under one's arms and burning lamps on the red". In the middle of Qing Dynasty, Yi Hui, a famous scholar, wrote a poem "Digging Coal Sigh", which reflected the coal miners. The poem says: Are a bunch of people in the ravine ghosts? The sky was blue on his head, the wooden saddle pressed his back and tied his waist with a rope, and he leaned in and out. This is a portrayal of the hard life of kiln workers.
The poor production conditions of kiln workers are caused by the forced exploitation of kiln owners. More importantly, the productivity is backward indigenous mining. Every coal has to be mined, and no coal is abandoned. Coal mining is like a woodchuck digging a hole. In summer and autumn rainy season, there is water in the kiln. During the coal mining season, we have to use wicker barrels to clean up the water, or adopt the method of drainage layer by layer to discharge the water into the lower adjacent kiln. This method has been used for several years from yuan dynasty to Ming dynasty. During the reign of Qing Qianlong (or Jiaqing), a kiln dealer knew the terrain around Changgouyu like the back of his hand, so he drilled a hole on the southwest slope of the parking lot, commonly known as "Zuizi", to drain the water from the kilns in Changgouyu. A hundred years later, another man named Li saw that the excavation was getting deeper and deeper, so he bought a machine to pump the water out of the kiln, which made the coal mining go further.
The number of coal mines in Zhoukoudian area in history can be seen from some intermittent historical records. According to the statistics in the twenty-seventh year of Qing Qianlong (1762), there are 140 coal mines being mined in Fangshan, and 80 coal mines have been closed and not yet mined. These mines are mainly distributed in the southern and northern foothills of Dafang Mountain. According to the historical records in the 10th year of Guangxu (1884), there were 6 official kilns in Fangshan, of which Changgouyu Village Kiln and Zhoukoudian Kiln were located in today's Zhoukoudian area.
Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, Fangshan coal industry was blocked by traffic, but the output was always large but it could not be transported, and the coal price could not go up. According to Richthofen's Summary of China's Coal Industry (1868- 1972), "the coal price in the southwest of Beijing has broken coal fields, with 250 lump coal per ton 126." In the 22nd year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1896), in order to build the section from Lugou Bridge to Baoding of Jinghan Railway, it was necessary to collect and transport stones from the hillside around Zhoukoudian, so the branch line from Liu Lihe to Zhoukoudian was built first. Starting from Liu Lihe, ending at Zhoukoudian, with Shilou as the intermediate station, with a total length of 14.8km ... In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), Chen, general manager of Tianjin Chamber of Commerce and manager of Tianjin Salt Transportation Company, felt that Fangshan coal reserves were rich and profitable, so they joined more than a dozen salt merchants in Tianjin to obtain exclusive licenses from 63 counties in Zhili and Henan provinces. The main line of expressway is Tuoli-Nanyao Qingganggou Tuoqing Expressway. There is also a high line, that is, the high line from Zhoukoudian to Changgouyu-"Zhouchang Line". This high-speed rail line starts from Zhoukoudian Railway Station and ends at Changgouyu Hengmen, with a total length of 7 kilometers. Although "Zhou Chang Line" is one of the high-speed lines that Tianjin Chamber of Commerce plans to build in Fangshan, it is not invested by Tianjin Chamber of Commerce, but built by squires in Beijing and Fangshan. Inspired by the huge profits made after the completion of the Qingdao Expressway, it was lifted at 19 19. However, the materials used are not refined, and the technicians hired by Japan Co., Ltd. are not skilled, so the repair is not very effective, which leads to frequent accidents after the repair of high-speed wire rod. Moreover, because of the short line and low freight rate, not only did it not make a profit, but it also continued to lose money, so it was abandoned after a short running time.
In the early years of the Republic of China, after the completion of the Liu Lihe-Zhoukoudian railway branch line, the development of coal industry and ash industry in Zhoukoudian area gradually entered its heyday. Especially in the early years of the Republic of China, in order to develop the mining industry, the government promulgated the Mining Regulations to encourage people to invest in the mining industry. Later, capitalists from all over the country visited. According to the records of fangshan county in the Republic of China, from the second year of the Republic of China (19 13) to the fourteenth year of the Republic of China, there were nearly 50 national capitalist mining companies registered in fangshan county and obtained mining licenses. Changgouyu area is a place where coal mines are concentrated. Larger coal mines are: Dafeng Mine, located in Yichang Village, Changgouyu. The owner is Yao Zhen, a native of Wuxi, Jiangsu. He received a photo of a mine in the four years of the Republic of China, with a mining area of 354 1 mu; Miaoer 'an Mine, located in Hulupeng Village, is owned by Li Tong, a native of fangshan county, with a mining area of 3,635 mu. Pogang Mine, located in Changgouyu Village, is owned by fangshan county people. In the Republic of China 12, the mining area was 488 mu. Tongju Mine, located in Changgouyu Village, is owned by fangshan county people. It was photographed in the tenth year of the Republic of China and covers an area of 637 mu and 7 points. Yinwo Mine, located in Zhoukoudian Village, is owned by Sun Hongyou of Changshou County, Sichuan Province, with a mining area of 669 mu and 9 points; The Fourth Bureau Mine, located in Changgouyu, belongs to fangshan county people's car book. It was licensed in five years of the Republic of China and covers an area of 346 mu. Huixing Mine is located in Changgouyu and belongs to Renchang Zhenxing, fangshan county. Ten years of the Republic of China, the mining area covers an area of 337 mu.
Zhoukoudian area is one of the most concentrated coal mines in fangshan county, and its output is naturally in the forefront. The figures found so far can be found in the historical materials of the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. In the twelfth year of Qianlong (1763), Fang Guancheng, governor of Zhili, said in his memorial: "Only fangshan county produces about 94,900 Jin of coal." It was not until the early years of the Republic of China that the specific figures of coal production in Zhoukoudian area were available. According to a survey conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce in the ninth year of the Republic of China, the maximum daily output of long ditch fish is 800 tons in winter, and the average annual output should be around120,000 tons. The price of pulverized coal per ton 1.50 yuan, lump coal per ton 3 yuan, the total profit is about 300,000 yuan. The output of Zhoukoudian, Changliushui, Hulupeng, Si Xia, Huangyuan, Xizhuang, Car Factory and Yangeryu is not less than120,000 tons. The two items should add up to about 24 tons.
After the Lugouqiao Incident, the Japanese invaders ravaged the mines, the number of kilns decreased sharply, and the output also decreased. However, in order to plunder the precious coal resources here, the Japanese invaders sent special personnel to the mine, so they could only barely maintain production. During the War of Liberation, Zhoukoudian area was under the rule of the Kuomintang, and Zhoukoudian became an important stronghold of the Kuomintang government forces, and the coal output further shrank.
According to relevant historical records, before the Lugouqiao Incident, there were 27 coal mines in Changgouyu (the number of Zhoukoudian was missing), with 2,000 workers, with a daily output of 1.2 million Jin and a coal price of 3 Jin per Jin of millet. After the Lugouqiao Incident, there were 7 coal mines 17 in Zhoukoudian and Changgouyu, with workers 1500, with a daily output of 730,000 Jin, of which Changgouyu had a daily output of 30,000 Jin, and the coal prices were quite different. Zhoukoudian only converts 8 kg of millet per 100 kg of coal, and Changgouyu only converts 1 kg of millet per 100 kg of coal. 1945 Before Japan surrendered, there were 37 coal mines in Zhoukoudian and Changgouyu, including 30 in Zhoukoudian, with a total of 1800 workers. The daily coal output/kloc-0.09 million Jin, and the coal price is 8 Jin per 100 Jin of millet. 1April, 949, there were 22 coal mines in Zhoukoudian and Changgouyu, with 730 workers and a daily output of 270,000 Jin of coal.
Since the rise of the coal industry, there have been various disputes around the ownership and benefit distribution of mining industry. Moreover, accidents often occur in the kiln, and many kiln workers are killed until they are thrown into a deserted ditch and their bodies are bitten by wild dogs.
In the eighth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1882), Du Qiheng, the owner of Changgouyu big barrel coal kiln, was detained in Shuntianfu West Road Guild Hall for inducing gambling to death. The case alarmed the court, and Emperor Guangxu ordered Li Hongzhang and others to investigate. As a result, Du Qiheng's henchmen were all arrested and severely punished, and the urn kiln was banned.
In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), on December 20th of the lunar calendar, Fangshan banned the Zhaojiayuan coal mine in Changgouyu, which the Japanese attempted to operate by compulsory means, and escorted Japanese resident Zhi Shengji to Tianjin Customs Road.
1March 925 19, Zhangji Coal Mine in Zhoukoudian was empty due to years of mining. Until late at night, the northwest corner of the kiln suddenly collapsed, killing six workers, including Wang Jincai, and injuring more than 20 people.
1937 Summer, on the eve of the Lugouqiao Incident, the biggest flooding accident occurred in Xingbao Coal Mine in Changgouyu, not only in fangshan county, but also in the history of coal mining in Beijing.
Xingbao Coal Mine is the predecessor of Gouyu Coal Mine, director of Beijing Mining Bureau. It was established in 1933 by Cao Rulin and others who were then the financial director of Beiyang Sheep Valve Government. This summer, heavy rain continued in Beijing, and more and more water accumulated in Xingbao Mine. In order to make huge profits, capitalists forced workers to take risks in drainage work. As a result, the groundwater suddenly collapsed, and 69 kiln workers were trapped and killed, resulting in a shocking tragedy. A worker who tried to drive away behind him was also drowned in the head.
During the period of 1949, Peiping and Jiefang adopted the policy of supporting private coal mines and vigorously restoring state-owned coal mines. In order to ensure the production of state-owned Fangshan coal mine, the fangshan county Municipal People's Government decided to "stop setting up small mines in the mining area to prevent unexpected accidents", and comprehensively rectify the small mines in the county, with the number of private coal mines slightly reduced. 1956 with the completion of agricultural socialist transformation, private small kilns are either closed or collectively owned. Later, collective coal mines were developed. According to the statistics of 1974, there are three national mines in fangshan county, namely Fangshan Coal Mine, Changgouyu Coal Mine and Daanshan Coal Mine. There are 86 small coal mines (mines), including 3 county-run mines, 66 community-run mines in 15 and 2 village-run mines.
In the early 1980s, the state encouraged the development of private and individual economy while encouraging the development of collective mining.
By 1990, Zhoukoudian regional office has three village-run coal mines: Zhoukou Village Coal Mine, Yunfeng Temple Village Coal Mine and Huangyuancun Coal Mine. There are more than 270 employees in three village-run coal mines, with an annual output of 9 1000 tons. Zhoukou village coal mine has employees 160, with an annual output of 60,000 tons. The office has two coal mines: Longbaoyu Coal Mine and the second coal mine of the office, with more than 200 employees and an annual output of more than 50,000 tons. Zhoukoudian regional office has five coal mines with more than 470 employees, with an annual output of 6,543,800 tons. In addition, Huangyuan Coal Mine operated by Huangyuan Coal Company has more than 500 employees and an annual output of 60,000 tons of coal.
Changgouyu Office has office coal mine and Xizhuang Village coal mine, with more than 70 employees/kloc-0, with an annual coal output of 40,000 tons.
There are two township-run coal mines in Huangshandian Township, namely Huangshandian Coal Mine and Yangshuwa Coal Mine, and there is also a village-run coal mine Pingta Coal Mine. There are more than 360 employees in three coal mines, and the annual output of coal is about 654.38+10,000 tons. Fangshan is rich in mineral resources, mainly coal. In addition to coal, there are mineral resources such as graphite, talc and pyrophyllite.
Graphite and coal have the same properties. Most of them are related to coalfields. Fangshan's graphite mining is mainly in Chechang Village, about 6 kilometers north of Zhoukoudian. Chechang Village is located at the foot of Maoer Mountain, which is rich in coal resources, and most residents are engaged in coal mining. 1939, the villagers found graphite in a coal mine in a ravine about 3 kilometers north of the village. Locals call it lead powder, which was transported to Zhoukoudian for sale by good people and discovered by Yujing, Japan. Yujing invited Chengshan, the manager of Japanese firm Lingteng in Beijing, to set up a large number of acquisition points in Zhoukoudian, causing nearby villagers to scramble to dig. Chengshan also set up a factory in Zhoukoudian for processing, sorted graphite into granules and final specifications, and transported it to Beijing and other places with straw bags, with a quantity of about 2,000 tons. 1945 after the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese army withdrew, leaving about 1000 tons of graphite in Zhoukoudian, which was sold to Beijing by local people. After liberation, private businessman Chu and Zhoukoudian Shen Delu jointly mined and sold them to Beijing. Later, because of the disagreement of interests, the mining was stopped.
1952, Beijing established Jingxi mining area government, Zhoukoudian and Chechang village were placed under the jurisdiction of Jingxi mining area government, and villagers organized graphite mining and production. From 65438 to 0953, about 700 tons were sold to stone powder processing plants, iron works and chemical plants in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai. There are two kinds of goods, the high-quality goods are delivered at Zhoukoudian Railway Station, with 40 yuan per ton; Defective products shall be delivered in the graphite mine kiln of Chechang Village at a price of 20-27 yuan per ton. As of 1953, there is still a backlog of 300 tons. 1954, a graphite production cooperative was established in Chechang Village, with an annual output of 400 tons of graphite. Because of the high cost, the specifications are difficult to unify, the sales are affected, and the production is unsustainable, so the mining stopped in April 1954. Only 560 tons were sold, and there was still a backlog of 2 19 tons by the end of the year. 1955, the graphite mine in the garage was mined again by agricultural and handicraft production cooperatives. The production scale was expanded and standardized, and a mine was built with a roadway depth of about 250 meters. But the mode of production is still indigenous blasting, digging holes and digging deep, just like small coal mines. Supported by wooden pillars, it is planed with pickaxe, the basket is carried out, dried at the kiln mouth, bagged and transported to Zhoukoudian Railway Station. There are ventilation channels, drainage channels and safe passages in the mine. Stop production in summer and resume production in autumn. The labor intensity of workers is relatively high, and the annual production cycle is about 8 months. The extracted graphite is still classified. High-quality products are hard and shiny, fine and slag-free, and oily. They can be used to make carbon rods, batteries, pencil lead and sand turning, while inferior products can only be used for sand turning. During the period of 1954, the national mining company made special tests to prepare for export, and the carbon content did not meet foreign requirements.
During the period of 1955, the graphite reserves gradually decreased and the excavation cost was too high. Coupled with the cancellation of the Jingxi mining area government, the graphite production in the garage finally stopped. Fangshan is rich in mineral resources, and there are many kinds, among which talc is one. Talc is usually formed by metamorphism of magnesium-containing rocks, which is monoclinic system, usually in the form of flake, scale or dense block aggregate. The color is mostly green or white, like glass luster.
Fangshan talc is mainly produced in Huangshan store, west of Zhoukoudian. Among them, Huangshan store is the most concentrated, and there are also deposits in Laishui, Huangyuan Temple and Sima Gou. According to the original small mining area 1955 spring survey, talc resources in Huangshandian village are distributed in two places. One, centered on Beigou Mountain in the north of the village, extends about 2 Li to the southwest, connects with Huangdaogou in the east, and stretches for more than 10 Li, with deposits in between. The other place is centered on Huangdaogou, about 15 Li in the east, about 5 Li in the south and 5 Li in the north, with very rich reserves. The talc in Lailishui Village is stored in Lanyangshuliang, which is about 3 Li in the east, 65,438+0.5 Li in the west and 8 Li in the south of the village, with abundant reserves. Talc in Huangyuan Temple Village is distributed in Xiaozhangou, about 5 li to the east and 1 li to the north. Sima Gou also has a deposit.
Fangshan talc was discovered as early as the early 1920s. In the early years of the Republic of China, geologists at home and abroad made extensive investigations and studies on Fangshan geology in the process of compiling the first geological record of China —— Geological Records of Xishan. In 1930s, Zhao Kuan, the owner of Huangshan Store, invested in talc mine and employed more than 65,438+00 people. After one year of mining, the output is about 200 tons. Sold to Beiping, mainly used in cosmetics industry, as raw materials to make powder, powder and prickly heat powder. After the Japanese invaders occupied Fangshan on 1937, they investigated the mineral resources of Fangshan, paying special attention to the geology around Longgu Mountain. At that time, a Japanese businessman Yujing was stationed in Zhoukoudian and found talc, so he opened a shop in Zhoukoudian to buy it. Yujing bought 200 tons of talc from Zhao Kuan, the boss of Huangshan Dianshan, and resold it to Beiping. At that time, Fangshan talc production could only be stopped from time to time, and the production scale could not be expanded. By the eve of New China, talc production was dying.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), sideline production was vigorously carried out, and farmers were mobilized to find and donate minerals. Fangshan talc production began to expand. Lailishui Village and Huangyuansi Village have successively set up mutual aid groups to produce talc. In that year, Lishui Village produced talc 129 tons, and Huangyuansi Village produced 60 tons of talc. Village delivery, the price per ton can be 12- 13 yuan. The user is a chemical factory in Beijing, which organizes procurement and transportation. However, due to the soft texture and low oiliness of talc, the two places stopped production on 195 1. 195 1 year, Huangshandian people also organized production cooperatives to reproduce talc. The output of that year was 50 tons, which was transported to the chemical plant in Beijing, and the price per ton reached 132.50 yuan. 1952 The annual output of talc reached 500 tons, at 28.50 yuan per ton.
In August of the same year, most mountainous areas in the west of Fangshan were included in Jingxi mining area. Pay special attention to the development of mining resources, set up the Ministry of Mining to manage the mining industry and help guide production and sales. 1953 the mining area government set up an industrial and agricultural production service promotion office to promote Jingxi minerals and open up new users for talc. In that year, the output of talc in Huangshandian soared to 700 tons, and it was transported to the factory at the price of 27.30 yuan per ton. From 65438 to 0954, the government of Jingxi Mining Area launched the movement of mutual assistance and cooperation in agricultural production, and set up a talc production society in Huangshandian, which increased the investment in talc production, included the production and development of talc in the development plan, and made it clear that Zhoukoudian Office, the joint promotion office of Jingxi Mining Area Production Cooperative, was responsible for the operation and sales. In that year, the output of talc in Huangshandian jumped to 6,200 tons, with sales of 5,940 tons. From the place of origin to Zhoukoudian railway station, it is transported by manpower and carriage. From Zhoukoudian Railway Station to the manufacturer, the price per ton is about 20 yuan. The main users of the products are the state-owned Zhengzhou Pharmaceutical Factory in North China and the chemical plants in Beijing and Tianjin. 90% of talc sales are used by state-owned factories, and the rest 10% is used by private chemical plants. 1954165438+10. In October, Laishui and Huangyuan Temple also organized and established agricultural production and handicraft production cooperatives, and resumed talc production after three years' suspension. In that year, Lion Aquatic Products produced 65,438+003 tons of talc, and Huangyuan Temple produced 30 tons of talc, all of which were delivered to Zhoukoudian Railway Station and promoted by Zhoukoudian Office of the Mining Area Production Joint Promotion Office. By the beginning of 1955, Fangshan talc production was distributed in Huangshandian, Laishui and Huangyuan Temple.
By 1955, Fangshan talc was produced by manual mining with indigenous methods. Its production process is drilling-blasting-prop-carrying out mine hole-dumping yard-processing, crushing, screening and sorting-bagging-selling. Products are divided into green white, pure white and black white. Green and white blocks are the top grade, while black and white and stone cores (such as limestone, black stone, tartar, white stone, etc.). ) are all inferior products. The talc produced in Fangshan usually accounts for 10%, pure white accounts for 30% and ebony accounts for 60%. White talc is mostly produced in Huangshan store, pure white is mostly produced in Laishui, and ebony is found in three places. When loading and bagging, mixed bagging shall be adopted, and bagging shall be the responsibility of the buyer. Generally, it is a single-layer gunny bag, each bag weighs 100 kg. With the development of industry, talc has been widely used in China's paper and rubber industries. Traditional Chinese medicine is used to treat diseases such as clearing away heat and promoting diuresis, stranguria, heat pain, summer heat, polydipsia and diarrhea. Talc has been used as the main raw material of talcum powder and prickly heat powder in cosmetics industry.
All the mines producing talc in Fangshan are seasonal. In July and August, due to the large water output of the mine, the rain gradually decreased in September, but agriculture was busy and could only produce for half a month. 65438-0956, the state adjusted the mineral resources policy, collective mine production units were merged into state-owned enterprises, and private mines and kilns were closed. 1958, the government of Jingxi mining area was revoked, and the production of Fangshan talc stopped.