Biologist charles robert darwin is the founder of the theory of evolution. The epoch-making book "The Origin of Species" came out and put forward the theory of biological evolution, thus destroying all kinds of idealistic creationism and species invariance. Among them, The Origin of Species is one of the top ten western works. Besides biology, his theory also laid the foundation for the development of anthropology, psychology and philosophy.
Inventor james watt was an important figure in the industrial revolution. 1776, the first steam engine with practical value was manufactured, and the barometer, power hammer and condenser were invented. After a series of major improvements, it has become a "universal prime Mover" and has been widely used in industry. He opened a new era of human energy utilization and marked the beginning of the industrial revolution.
Michael faraday, a physicist and chemist, made a key breakthrough in electric field in 183 1 year, which changed human civilization forever.
James clerk maxwell, physicist and mathematician. In the history of science, the founders of classical electrodynamics and statistical physics thought that Newton unified the motion law of the sky and the ground, which was the first big synthesis, and Maxwell unified electricity and light, which was the second big synthesis. Therefore, it is as famous as Newton, and its contribution to natural basic science is second only to Newton. On Electricity and Magnetism, published in 1873, is also considered as the most important classic in the field of physics and natural science after Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
William shakespeare is a writer, dramatist and poet, who occupies a special position in the history of western literature. He is known as "Zeus on the Olympic Mountain of Human Literature", and Shakespeare has become the most famous branch of character research in the world.
Adam Smith's masterpiece The Wealth of Nations, the father of modern economics, is one of the top ten western masterpieces.
Alexander fleming, a biologist and bacteriologist, first discovered penicillin. The discovery of penicillin is that mankind has found a powerful bactericidal drug, ending the era when infectious diseases are almost incurable; Since then, there has been an upsurge in the search for new antibiotics, and mankind has entered a new era of synthesizing new drugs.
Philosopher John Locke first put forward the basic idea of liberal constitutional democracy, was the founder of liberalism, deeply influenced the founding fathers of the United States and the enlightenment thinkers of France, and was widely regarded as the most influential thinker and liberal in the enlightenment era. His theory is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.
William harvey, a physiologist, discovered the function of blood circulation and heart, and was the first person to use experimental methods in biology and medicine. Its contribution is epoch-making and lays the foundation for the development of modern physiological science.
Joseph lister, physiologist, surgeon and founder of surgical disinfection. 1867, he published a paper and published a surgical disinfection method, which reduced the postoperative mortality from 45% to 15% in less than 10 years. Saved the lives of hundreds of millions of people on earth.
Edward jenner, a physiologist and surgeon, is famous for researching and popularizing vaccinia vaccine and preventing smallpox, and is called the father of immunology.
Philosopher thomas robert malthus put forward the trend of unlimited population growth in his population theory, and later advocated family planning and contraception. It is one of the top ten western works.
Francis Bacon, a philosopher and scientist, was the first great philosopher who realized that science and technology could change the world and advocated the methodology of experiment and inductive reasoning.
John dalton, a physicist and chemist, first introduced the atomic hypothesis into science. The key theory he provided played an important foundation role in the field of chemistry and promoted the great development of chemistry.
Joule, a physicist and the founder of thermodynamics, first discovered the conversion relationship between heat and work, and thus obtained the law of conservation of energy and developed the first law of thermodynamics, which was one of the four great discoveries of natural science in the19th century.
Physicist and chemist Henry cavendish proved that water is not a simple substance, predicted the existence of rare gases in the air, widely applied the concept of electric potential to electricity, and accurately measured the density of the earth. Because of Cavendish's outstanding contribution in the field of chemistry, he was later called "Newton in chemistry". The Cavendish laboratory named after him is the birthplace of world physics and has trained more than 30 Nobel Prize winners in physics.
Chemist Robert Boyle is the founder of analytical chemistry. 166 1 year is the beginning of modern chemistry. Boyle's book The Doubtful Chemist made him the first pioneer to establish chemistry as a science.
Ernest rutherford is recognized as the greatest experimental physicist in the 20th century, who has made great contributions to radioactivity and atomic structure. He was also the first person to study nuclear physics and was called the father of modern nuclear physics.
Paul dirac, a British theoretical physicist, is one of the founders of quantum mechanics and has made great contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics.
Bertrand Russell, a philosopher, mathematician, logician, one of the most famous and influential scholars and pacifist social activists in the 20th century, was the founder of analytical philosophy.
Astronomer Edmond Halley applied Newton's law to the motion of comets for the first time, and correctly predicted that the comet now called Halley made a regression motion. He also discovered the self-motion of Sirius, Nanhesan and arcturus, and the long-term acceleration of the moon.
Frederick sanger, a biochemist and discoverer of D N A sequencing technology, is the most important discovery in the field of biochemistry in the 20th century. Therefore, Sanger is one of the greatest scientists in the world in the 20th century and only two scientists who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. Sanger's discovery made a fundamental contribution to the research of genetics and genomics.
Alan mathison turing, known as the father of computer science and artificial intelligence, was the founder of computer logic, and put forward some important concepts such as "Turing machine" and "Turing test". People specially set up the Turing Award to commemorate its outstanding contribution in the computer field.
Stephen william hawking, a physicist, is the most important contemporary general relativity and cosmologist. He first put forward the black hole theory.
Dickens, a writer, has made outstanding contributions to the development of English critical realism literature. His works are still popular today and have had a far-reaching impact on the development of English literature.
Milton is one of the six great poets in the history of English literature. Milton is a representative of Puritan literature. His masterpiece Paradise Lost, Homer's epic and Dante's Divine Comedy are also called the three major western poems.
Economist david ricardo is a master of bourgeois classical political economy. His main economic masterpiece is 18 17 "Political Economy and Tax Principles", which expounds his tax theory.
John maynard keynes is the most influential economist in modern western economics. His macroeconomics, psychoanalysis founded by Freud and relativity discovered by Einstein are called the three spiritual revolutions of human intellectual circles in the 20th century.
Historian arnold joseph toynbee was once known as "the greatest historian in modern times". Toynbee has a unique view on history. His 12 magnum opus "Historical Research" tells the rise and fall of the world's major ethnic groups and is known as "the greatest achievement of modern historians".
Lyell Charles and Engels, the geographers, the founders of the theory of progressive geology and the realistic method of "talking about the past from now", spoke highly of Ryle. He said that only Ryle brought rationality to geology for the first time, because he replaced the sudden revolution caused by the temporary rise of the creator with a gradual effect such as the slow change of the earth.
Thomas Stearns Eliot, a poet, playwright and leader of the modernist poetry movement, published The Wasteland on 1922, which won him an international reputation and was regarded by critics as the most influential poem in the 20th century and a milestone in modern English poetry.
William Butler Yeats is a poet, playwright and essayist. Ye Zhi's poems are influenced by romanticism, aestheticism, mysticism, symbolism and metaphysical poetry, and form his own unique style. Ye Zhi's art represents the epitome of English poetry's transition from tradition to modernity.
James Joyce, a poet and writer, is one of the greatest writers in the 20th century and one of the founders of postmodern literature. His works and "stream of consciousness" have a great influence on the world literary world.
Adeline Virginia Woolf, a writer, is regarded as a pioneer of modernism and feminism in the 20th century and another representative writer of stream-of-consciousness literature.
The writer David Herbert Lawrence is one of the most important figures in English literature in the 20th century. Lawrence's works are severely criticized for their excessive descriptions of pornography. However, in his works, he tried to explore the depths of the human soul and successfully used touching artistic descriptions.
Alexander pope was the greatest English poet in18th century. The representative of the peak of literary classicism, an outstanding ideological enlightener.
John keats is one of the outstanding English poetry writers and an important member of the Romantic School.
Percy bysshe shelley, a romantic democratic poet, was the first socialist poet, novelist, philosopher, essayist and political writer, reformer, Platonist and idealist.
George gordon byron,/kloc-a great romantic poet in the early 9th century. His masterpieces include Childe Harold's Travels and Don Juan. In his poems, he created many "Byronic heroes".
Bernard Shaw, a playwright, is an outstanding realistic playwright in modern Britain and a world-famous language master who is good at humor and satire.
Geoffrey Chaucer, the father of English literature, is regarded as the greatest English poet in the Middle Ages. Chaucer played an important role in promoting the orthodoxy of medieval English vernacular.
Humphry davy, a chemist and founder of electrochemistry, is regarded as the scientist who discovered the most elements. He opened up a new way to prepare metal elements by electrolysis: to study the chemical effect of electricity with voltaic cells. Potassium and sodium are discovered by electrolysis of caustic soda that could not be decomposed before, and then alkaline earth metals such as barium, magnesium, calcium and strontium are prepared.
Thomson Joseph John, a physicist, first discovered the existence of electrons in nature and was famous for his experiments on electrons and isotopes.
George boole, a mathematician and founder of logical Boolean algebra, provided an important mathematical method and theoretical basis for computer design one hundred years later.
Alexander bell, the father of the telephone.
Biochemist frederick hopkins first proposed the existence of vitamins. He invented a series of biochemical experimental methods such as uric acid analysis and the determination of lactic acid in muscle, which is of great significance to biochemical research.
1953, Watson and Crick in Britain obtained the double helix structure of the genetic gene deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) through X-ray structural analysis, and won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Biology and Medicine, which, like Sanger's first discovery and determination of the nucleotide sequence in DNA, became the most outstanding contribution of molecular biology in the 20th century.
Robert hooke, a physicist and inventor, put forward the light wave theory and Hooke's law, and was the inventor of vacuum pump, microscope and telescope.
David hume, a philosopher and economist, is one of the most important enlightenment figures in the history of western philosophy. Skepticism, the founder of naturalistic philosophy.
Thomas Hobbes, a philosopher, founded a complete system of mechanical materialism, holding that the universe is the sum of all the broad objects in mechanical motion. He put forward the "natural state" and the theory of national origin.
Baird, the father of television
Fleming, the father of electron tube
Arthur stanley eddington, an astronomer and physicist, was named "Eddington limit" because of the luminous intensity limit of compact objects in nature, and was the first scientist to preach the theory of relativity in English.
Jonathan swift is a writer and satirist, famous for Gulliver's Travels and The Story of a Bucket.
Daniel defoe, writer and journalist. Robinson Crusoe, the founder of realistic novels in the English Enlightenment, created a typical figure who struggled with difficulties.
Christopher marlowe, a poet and playwright, revolutionized European drama in the Middle Ages and created a giant character and "majestic lines of poetry" reflecting the spirit of the times on the stage.
John Dryden is a poet, playwright and literary critic. He was an important critic and playwright in English classicism. He made outstanding contributions to the emergence and development of English classical drama through drama criticism and creative practice. The word metaphysical poet was first put forward by him. He enjoys a high position in the history of European criticism.