Analysis:

He, an ancient astronomer in China.

Gander, an astronomer in the Warring States Period.

Shi Shen was an astronomer in Wei during the Warring States Period.

Jia Kui (30 ~ 10 1) was an astronomer and economist in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Zhang Heng (78 ~ 139) was a great astronomer in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Liu Hong was an astronomer in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.

He Chengtian (370 ~ 447) was an astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Zu Chongzhi (429 ~ 500) was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Liu Zhuo (544 ~ 6 10) was an astronomer in the sui dynasty.

Li (602 ~ 670) was an astronomer and mathematician in the early Tang Dynasty.

A line (real name Zhang Sui, 683 ~ 727) was a famous astronomer and Buddhist in the Tang Dynasty.

Cao Shiwei (date of birth and death unknown) was a calendarist in Tang Dezong in the Middle Ages.

Liang Lingzan () was the maker of astronomical instruments in the Tang Dynasty.

Su Song (1020 ~1101) was an astronomer and mathematician in the Song Dynasty.

Yang Zhongfu was an astronomer in the Song Dynasty.

Guo Shoujing (1231~1316) was an astronomer in Yuan Dynasty.

Xun Wang (1235 ~ 128 1) was an astronomer and mathematician in Yuan Dynasty.

Xing Yunlu () was an astronomer in Ming Dynasty.

Xu Guangqi (1562 ~ 1633) was an outstanding scientist and astronomer in the late Ming dynasty.

Xue Fengzuo (1600 ~ 1680) was a mathematician and astronomer in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

Wang Xichan (1628 ~ 1682) was a folk astronomer in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Mei Wending (1633 ~ 172 1) was an astronomer and mathematician in Qing dynasty.

Li (1811~1882) was an astronomer and mathematician in Qing dynasty.

Zhang heng

Zhang Heng was born in Nanyang (now Nanyang County, Henan Province). There is a Sun Yicheng Temple in the north of the county seat, which is the former site of Xi in Han Dynasty. He was born in the third year of Emperor Gaozu Zhang, that is, BC 1834.

His academic thoughts are various. Judging from his works, there are philosophy, politics, history, geography, mathematics, exegetics, literature and so on. The most important of these are two astronomical works, one is Hunyi and the other is Lingxian. It has become an authentic "cosmology" school in ancient China for more than a thousand years.

Zhang Heng's family background originated from Zhang Lao, a doctor of the State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period. His great-grandfather and grandfather were both rich, but his father was poor. Zhang Heng is smart, studious, versatile and good at painting, especially fond of astronomical calendars, which later attracted the attention of the emperor to his talent. Send him as a doctor. His creative genius gradually developed. Manufacture three-wheeled automatic vehicles, self-propelled wood carvings, guided vehicles and soil return. He also has a hobby of astronomy and calendar, and then studies astronomy, calendar, mathematics and other natural sciences. His achievements are admired by contemporary people. Four years later, it was promoted to "Taishiling". In charge of "time" and "ephemeris". At the end of each year, start a new calendar. The state sacrifices funerals, weddings and funerals, and it is forbidden to worship auspicious days in time. This is a post left by Qin for later generations. Until the Qing Dynasty, foreign officials were appointed as imperial inspectors, and people like Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest were no exception. Although he doesn't understand China's astrology, he can't refuse to do it. As for recording the disaster, in the eyes of ordinary people, he may find it boring. But the history of China is an extremely valuable information. China has the oldest solar eclipse record in ancient times. As well as the most abundant records of meteors and meteorites, are important materials in the history of science.

Six years later, he became a "bus conductor". This position plays a modern role and should be an official in charge of "personnel" or "public relations". He has a headache for this position, and his friends laugh at his lack of progress. He replied briefly, "I don't suffer from disrespect for status, but I don't admire virtue. I'm not ashamed of my partner. I'm ashamed of my lack of knowledge." You can see how quiet and indifferent he is.

Later, he resumed the work of Taishiling and lived for eight years. During this period, he created the "waiting seismograph", which is a modern seismograph and the most scientific instrument in the history of China. At this time, Shun Di finally transferred him to "Shi Zhong", which was the emperor's secret secretary. From then on, he was jealous by eunuchs. Finally, at the age of 59, I left the confidential place and became a "river phase". After Zhang Heng took office, it was awe-inspiring to strictly enforce the law and arrest traitors. After working for three years, everyone admires his achievements. After Zhang Heng resigned from Hejian Branch, he changed his official position to "Shangshu", but he died soon at the age of 62.

Luoxiahong

Luo was a folk astronomer in the Western Han Dynasty in China. The year of birth and death is unknown, and it was around 100 BC. Long-term worker, born in Langzhong, Ba County (now Langzhong, Sichuan Province). During the Yuanfeng period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 1 10 ~ BC 104), in order to reform the calendar, he recruited astronomers and went to Chang 'an, the capital city, from his hometown on the recommendation of his fellow villagers. The calendar he created in cooperation with Deng Ping and Tang Dou is superior to other 17 calendars proposed at the same time.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted a new calendar, which was promulgated in the seventh year of Yuanfeng (BC 104), and changed the seventh year of Yuanfeng to the first year of Taichu, so the new calendar was called taichu calendar. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Luo to be an assistant (consultant). He resigned, but he didn't accept it.

Luoxiahong is one of the founders of Huntian Theory. His improved equatorial armillary sphere has been used in China for two thousand years. The equatorial distance (right ascension difference) he measured for 28 nights was not re-measured by a line until the thirteenth year of Tang Kaiyuan (AD 725). Luo first put forward the mating cycle, taking 135 as the "meeting of the sun", which means that 1 1 year should have 23 eclipses. He knew that the taichu calendar method had shortcomings: the tropical year (356.2502 days) used was too large, and he predicted that "in the last 800 years, the calendar was missing one day, so it should be decided by saints." (Actually, every 125 is one day away, and the calendar will be changed in 85 AD. )

Yu Xi

Yu (AD 28 1-356) was born in Yuyao, Huiji (now Yuyao, Zhejiang), an astronomer in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the successor and developer of Michelle Ye's theory.

Yu was born in the second year of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 28 1 year) into an official family of Sun Wu who had just perished. Father Yucha is a general of Sun Wu's conquest. Yu Fan is a famous scholar in Wu State, who is good at teaching Yi, Lao Zi, The Analects of Confucius and Mandarin. Song Yu, the ancestor of this family, was a captain and a satrap of Hejian in the kingdom of Wu. After entering Jin, he was a relative of Hejian, and he wrote "On the Big Dome". My younger brother, an official who wrote books and rode around for a long time in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (326-342 AD), Kandi (343-344 AD) and Moody (345-36 AD1year), later became the Hou of Jueping Kang County. He has a good history and is the author of Jin Dynasty.

Because of his knowledge and age, he enjoyed a high reputation when he was young and was praised by people. The Western Jin Emperor (307-3 13 reigned) summoned him to his official position, but he insisted. During the first year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 3 17-323), Zhuge Hui was appointed as the prefect of Huiji, and forced to be his gongcao, which was a great blow to him and he made up his mind not to be an official for life. East Jin Mingdi (reigned in 323-326 AD) and Chengdi Imperial Capital repeatedly asked him to be an official, but they were all rejected. When he became emperor, He Chong, the internal envoy, praised him as "well-read, thorough in research and diligent", while Cheng Di wrote a letter to reward him for "keeping the way upright, being indifferent to the world, being diligent in learning and learning from the ancients". It can be seen that living in poverty and happiness, he only studied hard all his life.

I didn't want to be an official, so he taught himself at home. He "interprets Mao Shilue and notes the Book of Filial Piety as Zhi Lin's Thirty Articles", mainly focusing on the interpretation and annotation of classic works. However, from the ancient historical records, he found that the ancient calendar was originally used in the Han Dynasty, starting from the early morning of morning glory in winter solstice, and the taichu calendar method was formulated according to the actual measurement, taking the satellite near the central place where morning glory stayed in the west as the winter solstice. However, the ancient astronomers in China recorded the movement of the winter solstice, and did not distinguish between "Sunday" (the year of siderophore) and "one year old" (the year of tropic).

In fact, due to the gravitational influence of the moon, the sun and the planets, the rotation axis of the elliptical earth protruding from the equator moves slowly around the Yellow River, and the corresponding Yellow River regulation channel retreats westward at the rate of 50.24 minutes per year, which is 65,438+0 degrees in 765,438+0 years and moves once in about 26,000 years.

Although he didn't know and couldn't know the above truth at that time, he came to the conclusion that the sun is not one year old on the solstice in winter, or every day is its own day, and every year is its own year. One-year-old winter solstice is slightly shorter than a day in the sun. It was named "precession" and the difference between tropic year and sidereal year was discovered.

Furthermore, according to Yao Dian, it was recorded that "winter is short and the stars are long", but at that time it was measured that winter was on the "east wall", that is, the wall stayed at nine degrees. From the Pleiades to the Pleiades with belly 14 degrees, floor 12 degrees, Wei Xiao 16 degrees and wall of 9 degrees, there was a total retrogression of more than 50 degrees. In the estimated era, it was "separated by more than 2700 years", from which the age difference was about "once every 50 years".

The discovery of precession is a great event in the history of astronomy in China. Although the precession was found later than the Iba Valley in ancient Greece, it was more accurate than the difference every hundred years in Iba Valley. Moreover, since Zu Chongzhi introduced the precession into the Ming calendar in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the precession of Sui, Liu's mourning calendar, Song, Yang Zhongfu's tongtian calendar, Yuan and Guo Shoujing's punctuality calendar has become more and more accurate. At that time, in Europe, historians were still in a rut, using once-in-a-century difference data. Compared with each other, it pales in comparison.

Yu also has a lot of research on the theory of the universe. He analyzed and compared the theory of Gaitian, Zhang Heng's theory of Huntian and Meng's theory since the Han Dynasty, and thought that Gaitian said that "the sky is like a hat and the earth is like an upside-down dish" is too rough. Huntian said, "Huntian is like a chicken, the celestial body is round like a projectile, and Rehmannia glutinosa is like a chicken, living alone. There are big and small, there is water in the sky. The sky is covered with land, and the shell is still yellow. Heaven and earth stand idly by and drift with the water. " The whole universe is like an egg, and the earth is like yellow in an egg. The sky is very small. There is water on the surface and inside of the sky. The relationship between heaven and earth is just like eggshells and egg yolks. Heaven and earth are all composed of qi, and they are all floating on water. Although it is advanced than Gaitian, it is still not the best; So in the reign of Xiankang (about 340 AD), he wrote "On An Tian".

Yu said: "The height of the sky is infinite, and the depth of the earth is unpredictable. The sky is indeed in the sky, with the shape of constant protection; There is a quiet body in the earth. When overlapping, the square is square and the circle is round; There is no different meaning in Fiona Fang. It is colorful and runs independently. There are tides in the rivers and seas, and there are no surprises. " The universe is boundless, but it is also relatively stable; There is no square wood in heaven and earth; All celestial bodies have their own cycles of motion, all of which run in their own orbits and are not attached to a fixed spherical shell. "Jin Shu Tian Wenzhi" said: "I wrote" On An Tian "because there is a saying of" announcing the night. " Indeed, Yu's On An Tian not only denies the theory that the sky is round, but also criticizes the theory that the celestial sphere has a solid shell. He believed that the universe was infinite, and inherited and developed this theory, which played an important role in the history of astronomy. Dr Joseph Needham, a famous British scientist who studies the history of Chinese science, commented on Michelle Ye's Theory: "This is an enlightened progress in the world outlook, not inferior to any Greek statement."

Zhang Sui (Fahao Line)

Zhang Sui, a monk astronomer, was born in the first year of Emperor Gaozong Hongdao in the Tang Dynasty (AD 683). He is the great-grandson of Zhang in the early Tang Dynasty. He was originally from Dunhuang, Gansu, and later moved to Nanle County, Henan Province. This is the birthplace of Zhang Sui. Shortly after his birth, he suffered a coup in Wuhou, and the Tang Dynasty almost perished. His father also served as several county magistrates and died very early. Leave orphans and live in poverty. He grew up and studied tirelessly. He likes to study calendar phenomena and the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, and then he studies astronomy and calendar.

One day, he went to Yuandu to borrow books and met a Taoist named Yi Chong. As soon as Yi Chong saw Zhang Sui, he made friends with him, and they were very close. Yi Chong lent him "Xuan Jing", which was a difficult book to understand, but Zhang Sui finished it quickly and gave Yi Chong all his paintings and books. After reading it, Yi Chong was amazed as a genius. So I tell people everywhere. His fame spread throughout Chang 'an. It's a pity that Wu Sansi, the nephew of the marquis of Wu, tried his best to win him over. Zhang Sui is at his wit's end, but he intends to become a monk in seclusion. He went to Chongyang Temple in Songshan (Dengfeng County, Henan Province) to get a haircut and become a monk, and changed his name to Jingxian, a dharma master. Since then, Zhang Sui's name has been gradually buried. After the world only know one line, I don't know Zhang Sui.

After becoming a monk, Zhang Sui studied astronomy and calendars in addition to Buddhism. And * * * everywhere, realize his ideal of "reading thousands of books and traveling on Wan Li Road". The Buddhist Temple in Tiantai Mountain (now Tiantai County, Zhejiang Province) practiced for many years, and it was not until the second year of Rui Zongjingyun (AD 7 1 1) that he returned to Chongyang Temple in Songshan. At that time, the imperial court sent personnel to Songshan to recruit Zhang Sui to serve the country. He complained of illness, and later went to Yuquan Mountain in Dangyang County, Jingzhou (now Dangyang County, Hubei Province) for the second time.

During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, politics returned to the right track and society prospered, which was called "the rule of Kaiyuan" in history. During this period, the emperor sent a letter to the sage and sent Zhang Qia (Zhang Qia is Zhang Sui's uncle) to invite Zhang Sui back to Beijing. In the fifth year of Kaiyuan (AD 7 17), he returned to Chang 'an, and the emperor immediately summoned him and arranged to live in Guang Tai Temple. Soon he was asked to translate many Buddhist scriptures of Huayan Temple and Indian monks who came to China to spread tantric teachings. The emperor often summoned. Asking about ways to save the country and the people won the trust of Xuanzong, and Zhang Sui changed from a monk to the emperor's highest advisor.

In the 9th year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (AD 72 1 year), he accepted the task of astronomical science, and suggested reforming the calendar and creating astronomical instruments as the beginning. Farming in ancient China was closely related to calendars and solar terms, so emperors of all dynasties attached great importance to astronomy. In the early years of Tang Kaiyuan, "Linde Calendar" was still in use, and errors appeared year by year. How inaccurate it is to predict solar and lunar eclipses. Zhang Sui ordered the reform of the calendar, starting with measuring astronomy. However, at that time, the astronomical instruments stored in Taishi Prison were worn out and could not be used, so they had to be re-planned. In the Li Zhengting Hall of the palace as a workshop, the original model of the zodiac was made, and then the emperor was asked to cast it with copper and iron. In the 12th year of Kaiyuan (AD 724), it was successfully manufactured. In the second year, the structure of the water transport armillary sphere was manufactured, and then it was successfully cast with copper. The structure of the instrument is complex and ingenious, which can reflect the running laws of the sun, the moon and the five stars. It is also an automatic timer, driven by water power, which automatically beats drums every hour and rings the bell every moment. It can be said to be the first astronomical clock in the world.

Zhang Sui launched a large-scale observation team. Twelve years before Kaiyuan (AD 724), he called surveyors to a meeting in Li Zhengdian Academy, assigned work, calibrated scales, erected an eight-foot sundial in Yangcheng centered on the north-south plain of the Yellow River, and erected a stone table (i.e. a stone pillar) engraved with the Duke of Zhou Observatory, which became a glorious monument in the history of science in China. The length of the sun shadow was measured at noon and noon at the vernal equinox. According to the length of the Tropic of Cancer, Zhang Sui sat in the capital and reported the results to the capital on time. Due to the role of the observation group, the main results are as follows:

(1) provides the most reliable data for compiling a new calendar.

(2) Prove the relationship between the sun shadow difference and the ground distance.

(3) Measure the arc length of meridian per degree.

Zhang Sui made astronomical instruments and made large-scale observations. In the twelfth year of Kaiyuan, we began to compile a new calendar, making reference to the advantages of previous calendars as much as possible. After four years of screening, it was successful and named "Da Yan Li". I fell ill in Huayan Temple when I finished writing it in September of the same year. He recovered slightly at the beginning of October and went to Xingfeng with Xuanzong. At this time, he is depressed and doesn't want to talk. That night, he died at the age of 45.

Chungchi Tsu

Zu Chongzhi (429-500) had a grandfather named Zuchang, who was an official in charge of royal architecture in Song Dynasty. Zu Chongzhi grew up in such a family and learned a lot from childhood. People all praise him as a knowledgeable young man. He especially likes studying mathematics, and he also likes studying astronomical calendars. He often observes the movements of the sun and planets and makes detailed records.

When Emperor Xiaowu of Song heard of his fame, he sent him to work in a government office specializing in academic research in Hualin Province. He is not interested in being an official, but he can concentrate more on mathematics and astronomy there.

There have been officials who studied astronomy in all previous dynasties in our country. They made calendars according to the results of astronomical research. By the Song Dynasty, the calendar had made great progress, but Zu Chongzhi thought it was not accurate enough. Based on his long-term observation, he created a new calendar called "Daming Calendar" ("Daming" is the title of Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty). The number of days in each tropical year measured by this calendar (that is, the time between winter and sun in two years) is only 50 seconds different from that measured by modern science; It takes less than one second to measure the number of days for the moon to make one revolution, which shows its accuracy.

In 462 AD, Zu Chongzhi requested Emperor Xiaowu of Song Dynasty to issue a new calendar, and Emperor Xiaowu called ministers to discuss it. At that time, Dai Faxing, one of the emperor's minions, stood out against it and thought that it was deviant for Zu Chongzhi to change the ancient calendar without authorization. Zu Chongzhi refuted Defarge on the spot with his own research data. Relying on the emperor's favor, Dai Faxing said arrogantly: "The calendar was formulated by the ancients and cannot be changed by future generations." Zu Chongzhi is not afraid at all. He said very seriously, "If you have a solid basis, argue it out. Don't scare people with empty talk. " Emperor Xiaowu of Song wanted to help Dai Faxing, and found some people who knew the calendar to argue with Zu Chongzhi, but Zu Chongzhi refuted them one by one. However, Emperor Xiaowu of Song still refused to issue a new calendar. It was not until ten years after Zu Chongzhi's death that his Da Ming Li was put into practice.

Although the society was very turbulent at that time, Zu Chongzhi studied science tirelessly. His greater achievement is in mathematics. He once annotated the ancient mathematics book Nine Chapters Arithmetic and wrote a book Composition. His most outstanding contribution is to get quite accurate pi. After a long and arduous study, he calculated pi between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, becoming the first scientist in the world to calculate pi to more than seven digits.

Zu Chongzhi is a generalist in scientific inventions. He built a kind of compass, and the copper man in the car always pointed south. He also built a "Thousand-Li Ship" and tried it in Xinting River (now southwest of Nanjing). It can sail 100 Li a day. He also used hydraulic power to rotate the stone mill, pounding rice and grinding millet, which was called "water hammer mill".

Guo Shoujing

Guo Shoujing, a thoughtful figure, was born in Xingtai in Yuan Dynasty. His father Dunrong is proficient in the Five Classics, especially in arithmetic and water conservancy. Shoujing inherited his father's family business and was good at learning from Liu. Yuan Shizu thinks highly of him. He once restored Xixia, Binhe and Wuzhou River. Then he was ordered to repair the calendar. If he consulted the calendar and tested it day and night, the calculation was extremely accurate. After the revision of the calendar, it was awarded to Taishi Gong.

In the 13th year of Yuan Shizu to Yuan Dynasty, Guo Shoujing, a surname, was ordered to make thirteen astronomical instruments. There are thirteen kinds of instruments, such as simple instrument, high table, astrology, armillary sphere, exquisite instrument, upright instrument, reasoning instrument, landscape symbol, peeping instrument, solar eclipse instrument, star scale and timer. When I arrived in Yanjing (Beijing), the capital of the Ming Dynasty, I moved these instruments to the south of the Yangtze River and displayed them at Jiming Mountain Observatory. In the seventh year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, Qin Tianjian asked to repair the armillary sphere, and found the instruments made by Guoyuan Shoujing in Jiangnan. During the fifty-two to fifty-three years of Kangxi, there were still many instruments engraved with the names of Wang Xun and Guo Shoujing. In the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi, a westerner, Ji Lian, made a horizontal theodolite, treating all the old instruments left behind in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties as scrap metal, and the ancient artifacts were swept away. This is a great misfortune for the astronomical community in China.

Guo Tai studied in 123 1, that is, Yuan Taizong for three years. He died on 13 16, that is, Yanyou in Yuan Renzong for three years.

Wang Xun

Wang Xun (A.D. 1235- 128 1) was born in Tang County, Zhongshan (now Tang County, Hebei Province). He was a mathematician and astronomer in the Yuan Dynasty. When he was young, he studied mathematics and astronomy with his father at home, and then studied mathematics and astronomical calendar with Liu Shi from Guo Shoujing. In A.D. 1276, he was ordered to change the calendar and jointly organized the Taishi Bureau with Guo Shoujing. Wang Xun was appointed as Taishiling, responsible for astronomical observation and calculation. In the compilation of chronograph calendar, his contribution is equal to that of Guo Shoujing.

Xu Guangqi

Xu Guangqi, alias Wen Ding, was born in the forty-first year of Jiajing of Sejong in the Ming Dynasty, namely 1562. At this time, the enemy made insurrections every year, and the national situation was declining day by day. Xu entered the Imperial Academy, granted the ceremony of ministers, joined the cabinet to participate in politics, and Manchuria proclaimed itself emperor independently, causing chaos. At this time, it has entered the late Ming Dynasty.

After entering politics, Wen was extremely concerned about agriculture, national defense, water conservancy, finance and construction. He believes that agricultural administration is a major event of people's livelihood, and there is an encyclopedia of agricultural administration that has been circulated to this day. He is willing to accept western culture, among which reforming the calendar is the most important.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, western religious scholars came to China to spread their teachings and introduce excellent western natural science and applied science. The most important thing is the study of calendar calculation. Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci were the earliest contacts between China and the West. Matteo Ricci was an arduous and outstanding missionary. He knew that China people attached great importance to the calendar, so he took out what he had learned and won the trust of China people. Around A.D. 1600, Matteo Ricci wrote to the Roman Church, and repeatedly asked to send several astronomical experts to China. Li thinks he knows little about calendar research. If an expert comes here, he can open the door to China.

Xu Guangqi is a typical scholar in China. He is knowledgeable, deeply religious and has a deep friendship with Matteo Ricci. He thinks that the West is indeed far superior to China in geometry research, so he is eager to cooperate with Matteo Ricci in translating books, focusing on the six original works of his elaborate masterpiece Euclid Geometry. Xu and Li know all natural sciences like the back of their hands, so why should they be the basis?

In the second year of Chongzhen (AD 1629), there was a solar eclipse in May, and Qin's calculation was inaccurate, but the calculation of Guangqi was realized. So on September 13, the emperor ordered Xu Guangqi to make a calendar. Xu immediately worked in Xuanwu gate peripheral bureau, specializing in almanac translation, recommending and Deng participating in the revision of almanac. Tang Ruowang and giacomo Rowe teach instruments and calculus. After Xu was ordered to revise the calendar, he actively engaged in translation work. At that time, it was mainly translated by foreigners and written by China people, and it was completed in stages immediately after the plan was established. From the 4th year of Chongzhen 1 month (A.D. 163 1) to the 7th year of Chongzhen1month (A.D. 1634), it was presented to the emperor in five times, with a total length of * * */kloc-0. During the last two submissions, Xu Guangqi died unfortunately and was replaced by his designated successor Li Tianjing. The title of the book is Zhen Li Zhen Shu, and the title is Xu Guangqi Du Xiu. Content of this book: The sun, the lunar moon, the stars, the five latitudes and the ecliptic all have their own calendars, including calendars, deductive methods, tables and star maps, and the application of geometric measurement. It can be regarded as the most complete almanac before the rise of celestial mechanics. Soon, the event of changing the calendar in the room was not officially implemented. After the reunification of the Qing Dynasty, a new law was adopted and it was named Poet Immortal, which was actually a calendar compiled by Xu. Although the calendar of the Constitution is based on the "almanac", it is actually only a makeover of the "almanac of the new law"

Li zhizao

Li zhizao, nicknamed Zhen, I save words, and I save them in the garden to send them. Ming Jiajing was born in Renhe, Hangzhou, Zhejiang in forty-four years (1565). In the twenty-second year of Wanli (1594), he was awarded a place in the examination at the age of 30 and a scholar at the age of 34. In the thirty-eighth year of Wanli (16 10), Qin's calculation was wrong. Ceremony performance: Li Zhizao, judge of the Hanlin Academy, is a senior official of Xu Guangqi and Nanjing Ministry of Industry, and is proficient in calendar theory. He can translate the western calendar with westerners, such as Di 'e and March 8th.

In the forty-first year of Wanli (16 13), algae was changed to Shao Xiang, a Nanjing teacher. In that year, Mr. Nian wrote to recommend the almanac translated by E, Xiong Sanba and Yang Mannuo for reference. There are books such as New Law Calculation, Geometry, Tianxue First Letter, Identity Calculation and Finger Editor-in-Chief, and Illustrated Stories of Huntian Gaitian. , as well as a "Ming and Li Tanwei", is the latest translation of various studies. In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), he died on September 27th at the age of sixty-five.