2. The Westernization Movement, also known as the self-improvement movement, refers to the improvement movement of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" initiated by the Westernization School all over the country from 186 1 (from the end of Xianfeng decade) to 1894. After the two Opium Wars, the ruling class of the Qing government was divided into "Westernization School" and "Old School" on how to solve a series of problems of internal and external troubles. The Westernization School advocated developing new industries, enhancing national strength and maintaining the feudal rule of the Qing government. It also laid a certain foundation for China's modernization.
3. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (185 1 864) was a political power established in China by Hong Xiuquan (with the title "Tianwang") in the late Qing Dynasty, and its predecessor was 6544. 185 1 established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, 1853 set its capital in Tianjing (now Nanjing), occupying the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Tianjing fell and existed for 14 years until 1864. In its heyday, the Taiping Army had more than one million troops (including over 100,000 female soldiers). It is estimated that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement killed about 20 million people. It was estimated in modern times that the population of China in 1850 was about 4 10/00000. After the Qing army suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Nian Army and the Hui people, the population dropped to about 350 million in 1873.
4. The Revolution of 1911 refers to191year (the third year of Qing Dynasty) in China, that is,191year to19/2. 19 1 1 year, the Qing government sold the right to build a railway, which aroused the resistance of the domestic people, and the railway protection movement broke out in Sichuan and other places. 19110 June10, a revolutionary group in Wuhan, the Literary Society and the Progressive Association launched the Wuchang Uprising, and then the provinces responded one after another. Because 19 1 1 is the old calendar year of Xinhai, it is called "Xinhai Revolution".
5. The program of democratic revolution advocated by Sun Yat-sen consists of the principles of nationalism, democracy and people's livelihood, referred to as "Three People's Principles". This is the basic program of China Kuomintang. The development process of the Three People's Principles is divided into two stages, namely, the old Three People's Principles and the new Three People's Principles. This is the precious spiritual heritage of the people of China.
6. The Reform Movement of 1898 refers to the bourgeois political reform carried out by the reformists headed by Kang Youwei through Emperor Guangxu in 1898 (the year of the Reform Movement of 1898), which was a political reform movement in China during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty (1898). The main contents include: learning from the west, advocating science and culture, reforming the political and educational systems, and developing agriculture, industry and commerce. This movement was strongly opposed by the old school headed by Empress Dowager Cixi. In September this year, Empress Dowager Cixi and others staged a coup, Guangxu was imprisoned, and the reformists Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to France and Japan respectively. Six people, including Tan Sitong, were killed, and the political reform that lasted only 103 days finally failed. Therefore, the Reform Movement of 1898 is also called the Reform Movement of 1898.
7. Synonymous with the reform movement of 1898.
8. The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement of China people, which broke out on May 4th, 2009. The May 4th Movement was the end of the old democratic revolution and the beginning of the new democratic revolution in China.
9. The New Culture Movement was an innovative movement initiated by a group of people with western education in China cultural circles in the early 20th century. 19 19 On the eve of the May 4th Movement, Chen Duxiu published an article in the New Youth edited by him, advocating democracy and science (Mr. De and Mr. Sai), criticizing the traditional pure China culture and spreading Marxist thoughts. On the one hand, the moderates represented by Hu Shi opposed Marxism, supported the vernacular movement and advocated pragmatism instead of Confucianism, which was the origin of the New Culture Movement. During this period, Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi, Lu Xun and others became the core figures of the New Culture Movement, which became the forerunner of the May 4th Movement.