The ancient inhabitants of China
P3-P6 Use your head
1. In contrast, what's the difference between the heads of ancient apes, Beijingers and modern people?
The heads of apes and Beijingers are characterized by low foreheads and thick brow ridges; High process of zygomatic bone; The snout extends forward without obvious lower forehead.
Imagine a day's life in Beijing.
Idea 1: You can imagine from the aspects of food, clothing, housing and transportation.
Idea 2: Think in chronological order from morning till night.
Think about it, how do Beijingers get so hot?
Fire can be obtained from several sources: lightning in nature makes a fire; Forest vegetation spontaneously ignited and caught fire; Spontaneous combustion and fire in open-pit coal mines; Occasionally rub to make a fire.
4. Sea worms live in the sea.
What does it mean to find the shell of a sea otter in a caveman's cave? what do you think?
More than 10,000 years ago, the landform of Beijing was basically the same as it is now.
Therefore, finding the shell of sea clam in the cave on the top of the mountain can only show that the Neanderthals have gone far.
P6 activities and surveys
2. Look at the picture and analyze: This is a stone tool used by Beijingers. If I let you use it, how do you operate it? What is the most convenient thing to do with it?
Tip: You can watch the life of Beijingers on the front color page 1 first, and look for the answer from the action of digging plant roots with pointed stone tools on the left side of the picture.
Lesson 2 primitive farming life
Use your head
1. What progress have the aborigines of Hemudu made in production and life compared with Beijingers and cavemen?
The original inhabitants of Hemudu have used grinding stone tools, cultivated land and planted rice. They live in a fenced house and live a stable life.
Wells have been dug to make drinking water more convenient.
He also raises livestock, can make pottery, and can make simple jade and primitive musical instruments.
2. Dawenkou Tomb, why is there a great disparity in the number of funerary objects?
Due to the development of social productive forces, private property and polarization between the rich and the poor have emerged.
P 10 exercise: d
P 10 activities and exploration
1. Look at the picture and analyze: On the right is pottery made by Hemudu aborigines. Can you tell me its purpose? Steamed food.
2. Look at the picture and analyze: On the right is the painted animal pattern on Banpo painted pottery. What animals are they? Can you tell me what these animals had to do with the life of the aborigines at that time? This is a pattern of fish and deer.
It shows that the original inhabitants of Banpo also fish and hunt for food.
3. Find out: From the above text, can you find out several world contributions of China's primitive farming era?
Three projects.
China is the first country in the world to grow rice; China is the first country to grow millet in the world. China is an early vegetable growing country in the world.
Lesson 3 China's ancestors
Use your head
1. What do you think of the above myths (that is, all kinds of myths and legends about inventions during the Yellow Emperor period)? What do you think is credible? What are myths? How to treat it more scientifically?
It is credible to say that palaces were built, clothes were made, wells were dug, boats and cars were built, characters appeared, music was compiled, etc.
But it is a myth to say that these are the personal inventions of the Yellow Emperor, Lei Zu, Cang Xie or Ling Lun.
In fact, none of these inventions will be attributed to one or two people, but the result of long-term exploration and practice by many people.
Therefore, these historical records should reflect the wisdom and wisdom of our ancestors in the era of the Yellow Emperor.
However, because the Yellow Emperor is recognized as the ancestor of China, people owe all these inventions to him, his wife and his subordinates.
2. What excellent qualities do you think Yao, Shun and Yu are worth learning?
Yao's frugal life, self-denial and love for the people, generosity, leading by example, and sharing weal and woe with the people in water control are all worth learning.
P 15 exercise: d
P 15 activities and exploration
(1) "Discussion: What are the connections and differences between ancient legends and historical facts?"
Ancient legends: Before the invention of writing, myths and legends passed down from mouth to mouth were exaggerated accounts of ancient history.
There is no denying that there are mythical elements in it, but it is not difficult to find some reliable historical materials.
The legends of Emperor Yan and Huangdi are not only recorded in the Records of the Five Emperors, but also confirmed in the archaeological excavations of Peiligang culture and Yangshao culture.
Historical fact: a completely true objective fact.
(2) Story meeting: What other legends have you heard about Huangdi, Yao, Shun and Yu?
Example: ① Emperor Yan invented agriculture, medicine and pottery.
(2) The Battle of Hanquan ...
Lesson 4 The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
P23 Use your head
1. Is it social progress or retrogression for China to develop from clan and tribe in primitive society to slave country? Tell me what you think.
It is the progress of society.
Because although there is no distinction between rich and poor in primitive society, it is based on the extremely low level of productivity development, the people's living standards are extremely low, the quality of life is very poor, and cultural development is extremely slow.
Only slavery can make a greater division of labor between agriculture and handicrafts possible, thus creating the necessary conditions for the improvement of productivity and the development and prosperity of culture.
2. Why can Shang Tang beat Xia He?
This problem can be considered from three aspects: first, the extremely brutal rule of Xia Jie and Shang Zhou aroused the dissatisfaction and resistance of civilians and slaves.
Secondly, Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang, except tyrants, ended the brutal rule of Xia Jie and Shang Zhou, and won the hearts of the people.
Finally, Shang Tang and Zhou Wuwang can reuse sages, unite with neighboring small countries and tribes, and seize the opportunity to win at one fell swoop.
P24 practice; C
P25 activities and inquiries
1. watchmaking: simply make a chronology of major events in Xia, Shang and Zhou, including three major items: important years, important events and important people.
Important moment, event, person.
Yu was founded in the Xia Dynasty around 2070.
About 1600 BC, the Tang dynasty destroyed the summer and the Shang dynasty established the Tang dynasty.
About 1300 years ago, Pan Geng moved to Pan Geng, the king of Yin and Shang Dynasties.
1046 Before the Makino War, Zhou Wuwang (Ji Fa) was founded in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Zhou Youwang was destroyed in the Western Zhou Dynasty in 77 1 year.
2. Can you mark the identity of each floor on the Western Zhou Dynasty grade map? From top to bottom, they are kings, princes, ministers, scholars, civilians and slaves.
Lesson 5 Brilliant Bronze Civilization
P28 Use your head
A famous archaeologist said: Shang culture is really a splendid civilization.
Dialogue: Boy: I think archaeologists are right.
This is a glorious era in the history of the motherland.
Girl: No! It was cruel at that time, and slaves lived a worse life than cattle and horses. What's so good about that?
This is an understanding of the history of Shang Dynasty from different angles.
Slavery is cruel, but with the development of productive forces and the emergence of private ownership, slavery is inevitable.
In slave society, if slave owners possess a large number of slaves, they can organize large-scale production, carry out simple cooperation and division of labor, and improve production efficiency; In slave society, the power of state power can be used to organize large-scale production processes and promote the development of productive forces; Because a large number of slaves are engaged in heavy manual labor and provide a large number of surplus products, others can get rid of manual labor and specialize in mental work.
To sum up, the civilization of Shang Dynasty fully embodies the progress of slave society replacing primitive society in many aspects, so it can be called "splendid civilization".
Of course, this is a "civilization" based on the extremely tragic fate of slaves.
P28 Practice writing two Shang and Zhou bronzes that impressed you the most.
Si Mu Wu Ding, Siyang Fang Zun.
P29 Activities and Enquiries
Take a look: Think about the relationship between China traditional culture and real life.
Bronze manufacturing industry is a typical representative of slavery civilization in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties in China, which has the characteristics of superb technology, diverse varieties, universal application and wide distribution.
Although few bronzes were found in the Xia Dynasty, it still shows that the Xia Dynasty had the technology to make bronzes.
With the development, bronze products are becoming more and more life-oriented, and the unearthed bronze knives, cones, hooks and bells are enough to illustrate this point.
Culture comes from life, and life is interpreted by culture.
Only the hard work of the working people can make our life better, and only the wisdom of the working people can create a more splendid Chinese culture.
Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
Use your head
Think about it: during the Spring and Autumn Period, what were the common reasons why Qi and Jin were able to become powerful quickly?
Hegemonic politics in the Spring and Autumn Period was realized in the process of striving for hegemony through change.
Great powers reform for hegemony and become rich and strong because of reform, thus promoting the progress of the whole society.
Both Qi and Jin became strong rapidly through reforms involving internal affairs, production and military affairs.
P34 Exercise: A
P34-P35 Activities and Exploration
1. Idiom Story Meeting: Collect idiom stories in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, such as "Retreating Three Houses", "Encircling Wei to Save Zhao" and "On Paper".
Other idiom stories that can be collected include: forgetting one's ancestors, protecting friends, finding the way for an old horse, making a splash, changing one's mind and worrying.
2. The old man said, "According to historical records, in the battle of Changping, the generals of Qin killed more than 400,000 people in Zhao, which was really cruel."
The child said, "Historical records are not necessarily reliable.
More than 400,000 soldiers died in Zhao's rape, and there should be at least 800,000 generals in the State of Qin.
Where did he get so many people? Judge: Which of them is right?
Understanding and studying history depends on historical materials, which are divided into two categories: physical materials and documentary materials, and documentary materials are the main basis for us to understand and study history.
Historians can tell that the records of documents and materials may be wrong.
We should also adopt a scientific and critical attitude towards literature.
In the battle of Changping, Zhao Jun was besieged for 46 days and lost his combat effectiveness. It is entirely possible that more than 400,000 people were killed.
This also reflects the cruelty of war during the Warring States period.
Of course, the possibility of errors or exaggerations in historical records cannot be completely ruled out.
However, in the absence of sufficient evidence to prove that the historical records are wrong, we can only adopt a recognized attitude.
Lesson 7 the era of great change
Use your head.
1. Tell me, why can iron farm tools be popularized rapidly?
There are two problems involved here.
First, iron farm tools are superior to stone farm tools and bronze farm tools; Second, the iron smelting industry was quite developed at that time, and it was able to produce a large number of ironware.
According to historical records, after Qin Xiaogong's death, the prince ascended the throne.
Conservative nobles falsely accused Shang Yang of "rebellion", and as a result, Shang Yang was executed.
Please discuss, is Shang Yang's political reform a success or a failure? Why?
The standard of success or failure of a reform is not the life and death of the person who carries out the reform, but whether the purpose of the reform is achieved.
Shang Yang was executed under the opposition of conservative nobles, which shows the rampant conservative forces and the fatuity of the rulers.
However, although Shang Yang died, the reform was successful.
Because after the political reform, Qin's economy developed and the combat effectiveness of the army continued to strengthen, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period.
P39 Practice: The state recognizes the private ownership of land and allows free trading.
Those who reward ploughing and produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee.
According to the size of military service, the title of Tian Zhai was granted, and the privileges of the old nobles who refused to serve in military service were abolished.
Establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.
P39-P40 activity and exploration
1. This lesson tells many examples of specific changes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Let's compare and see who finds more.
Iron farm tools began to appear, Niu Geng was used, Dujiangyan was built, part of the land changed from state-owned to private, slave owners changed to feudal owners, countries set off a political reform movement, Shang Yang political reform, feudal system was gradually established, and so on.
2. Read the following materials, please talk about what this archaeological discovery shows in combination with literature records and unearthed cultural relics.
It shows that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people have mastered the physiological characteristics and habits of cattle, creating conditions for the production of animal power. It also reflects the historical facts that were commonplace in Niu Geng at that time.
Lesson 8 Cultural Prosperity in China (1)
Use your head.
1. Look at the above three Oracle bones and guess how the word "cut" expresses its meaning.
The first word is "human", the second word is "Ge", and the person who beheads with Ge is "felling".
("Man" and "Ge" are pictographs, and "Qi" is a knowing word.
)
2. According to the ancient astronomical records and the observation of the last total solar eclipse in the 20th century, scientists in China concluded that the first year of Zhou Yiwang was 899 BC.
Think about it, what it can show.
It shows that the rich astronomical records in ancient China are valuable scientific data, which can be studied with modern technology.
P45 exercises; C
Lesson 9 The Prosperity of China Culture (2)
Use your head.
1. Confucius said, "What about learning while learning?" "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing." "In a threesome, there must be a teacher." Read these three paragraphs of Confucius and think about it. What help or guidance does it have for your study?
Confucius' three sentences teach us that we should constantly sum up and learn from others' good learning methods and have an honest and modest attitude to learn, so that we can learn successfully.
2. Laozi advocates combining rigidity with softness.
According to legend, Lao Tzu once opened his mouth to show his disciples, and then said to them, "My hard teeth have long since fallen out, but my soft tongue is still there!" " "Think about it, Lao tze what do you mean? Is this idea useful in real social life? If you find it useful, can you give an example?
I mean hard things are not necessarily strong, but soft can overcome hard things, which reflects his dialectical thinking.
I think it is useful.
It makes people realize that everything is not absolute and can be changed.
A seemingly powerful person may be defeated by the weak, a seemingly smart person may have nothing to do all his life, and an ordinary person may make great achievements through hard work.
(give an example)
P49-P50 Activities and Exploration
1. What positive things in the theory of a hundred schools of thought contend are worth absorbing and utilizing in modern society?
Confucius' theory of benevolence and Mencius' policy of benevolence; Confucius' educational thought; Laozi believes that everything has opposites, and the opposing sides can transform each other; Mozi's "universal love" and "non-attack"; Han Feizi's legal thought is worth absorbing and learning from in modern society.
2. The girl said, "A hundred schools of thought contend, and their views are all opposite. So noisy! " The boy said: "The views of a hundred schools of thought can't all be opposite, but they all express their views enthusiastically, which is of course lively." Judge: Which of them is right? The boy has a point.
3. Fill in the form: according to the requirements in the form, fill in the situation of one representative of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, France and the military during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
The main ideas of works in the naming period
Confucius put forward the theory of "benevolence" in the Analects of Confucius at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and advocated "ruling the country by virtue".
Advocate "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", be modest and eager to learn, and "review the past and learn new things"
Mozi advocated "universal love" and "non-aggression" during the Warring States period.
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi's Tao Te Ching holds that everything has opposites, and the two sides of opposites can be transformed into each other.
Advocate both rigidity and softness.
Han Fei advocates reform, the rule of law and the establishment of a centralized monarchy.
Sun Wu's The Art of War in the Warring States Period also has a lesson of "Know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle", but it was not given because of the limitation of words.
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