According to textual research, paper existed in the Western Han Dynasty in China, and it was widely spread in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. It is widely used by people, and the papermaking technology is further improved. The raw materials of paper are also very diverse, such as bamboo curtain paper, rattan paper, fish egg paper, etc ... Cai Lun has a wide range of papermaking raw materials. Paper made of rotten fishing nets is called net paper, and paper made of rags is called cloth paper.
Scraping paper
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the famous Xuan paper was born. There is a legend in Xuanzhou, Anhui Province, the main producing area of Xuan paper: Cai Lun's apprentice Kong Dan, who was making paper in southern Anhui Province, always wanted to make a particularly ideal white paper to trim the score of the master's portrait. However, after many experiments, he failed to get what he wanted. Once, he happened to see several sandalwood trees lying beside a mountain stream in the mountains, which had rotted and turned white due to years of water erosion. Later,
In the Tang Dynasty, on the basis of the previous generation of yellow paper, wax was evenly coated on the paper to make the paper shiny and beautiful, so it was called hard yellow paper. The paper industry in the Five Dynasties continued to develop, and the paper of Honesty Hall in Zhangzhou was recognized as the best paper until the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the paper industry flourished and innovated. All kinds of stationery are popular again, and white paper and elegant colored paper are praised in texture.
Generally, the production of printing paper is divided into two basic processes: pulping and papermaking. Pulping is to dissociate plant fiber raw materials into natural pulp or bleached pulp by mechanical method, chemical method or combination of both. Papermaking is to combine pulp fibers suspended in water into pages that meet various requirements through various processes.
Paper mills generally need to store enough raw materials for 4 ~ 6 months, so that the raw materials can naturally ferment during storage, which is beneficial to pulping and ensures the continuous production of paper mills. After the material preparation section, raw materials such as reed, wheat straw and wood are cut into pieces (used to produce chemical pulp) or wood chips (used to produce ground wood pulp), and then small pieces of raw materials are put into a digester, added with chemical liquid, steamed with steam, cooked into pulp, or sent to a wood mill for grinding pulp. You can also cook it to a certain extent and then grind it into pulp. Then, the pulp is washed with plenty of clean water, and coarse chips, knots, stones and sand in the pulp are removed through screening and purification. Then according to the requirements of paper species, the pulp is bleached to the required whiteness with bleaching agent, and then beaten with beating equipment. Then, various auxiliary materials, such as fillers and sizing agents, which can improve the paper properties, are added into the pulp, and then purified and screened again. Finally, it is sent to a paper machine, filtered in the wire, squeezed and dehydrated, dried in a drying cylinder, calendered and coiled, cut, rewound or cut to make rolled paper and plain paper. If coated printing paper is to be produced, it needs to be dried in the middle or produced into roll paper and then coated.
In addition to the above-mentioned basic procedures, it also includes some auxiliary procedures, such as the preparation of cooking liquid, the preparation of bleaching liquid, the boiling of rubber compound, and the recovery of chemicals and heat energy from cooking waste liquid and waste gas.
Baqiao Paper: == 1957, unearthed in Baqiao, a suburb of Andong in the 2nd century BC in ancient paper, Western Han Dynasty. When it was unearthed, it was a pile of pieces of paper, big and small, the largest was 10× 10 cm, and the smallest was 3×4 cm. This is "plant fiber paper". This ancient tomb is no later than the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, that is, 140 to 87 years ago. Therefore, it can be concluded that plant fiber paper was produced and used in China more than 2000 years ago, that is, in the 2nd century BC. This Baqiao paper is the earliest paper unearthed in the world. Cai Lun Paper: Cai Lun, the inventor of papermaking in Han Dynasty, was born in Guiyang (now Chenzhou City, Hunan Province). In the 18th year of Ming Di Yongping (75), he entered the palace as an official. The first year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (87), Ren Shang Fangling. In the first year of Yuan Xing (105), he invented papermaking. He summed up the experience of his predecessors before crushing and ramming raw materials such as bark, hemp head, rags and old fishing nets. Later generations passed down as the inventor of papermaking. Papermaking is one of the four great inventions in ancient China, which has made great contributions to the spread and development of world culture. Zuo Bo's thesis: After Cai Lun, others constantly improved his methods. About 80 years after Cai Lun's death (at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty), another paper expert named Zuo Bo appeared. The paper he made is even in thickness and delicate in texture. Bright colors. At that time, people called this kind of paper "Zuo Bo paper". Unfortunately, the raw materials and manufacturing methods used in Zuo Bo are not recorded in history. Rattan paper: During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, paper was widely circulated and used, and papermaking technology was further improved. Before the Jin Dynasty, the paper-making areas were mainly concentrated in Luoyang, Henan Province, and gradually spread to Vietnam, Sichuan, Shao, Yang, Anhui, Jiangxi and other places, with increasing output and quality. There are many kinds of paper. Tongxi has rattan paper with rattan skin as raw material. The paper is smooth and white as jade, leaving no ink marks. = = Attachment: The history of paper = = Paper is one of the four great inventions of ancient science and technology in China. Together with compass, gunpowder and printing, it provided a material and technical foundation for the prosperity of ancient culture in China. The invention of paper greatly ended the complicated history of ancient bamboo slips.
Fiber paper
At the same time, due to the invention of engraving brush, it greatly stimulated the development of the paper industry, further expanded the papermaking area, and famous papers appeared one after another, such as yellow and white linen paper in Yizhou, rattan paper in Hangzhou, Wuzhou, Quzhou and Yuezhou, large paper in Zhou Jun, thin white paper in Zhou Pu, Xuan paper in Xuanzhou, hard yellow paper and bamboo paper in Shaozhou, and glossy paper in Linzhou. In the Tang Dynasty, Daphne bark was widely used in various places.
On the basis of the previous generation of yellow-dyed paper, the paper was evenly coated with wax in the Tang Dynasty. Calendered paper has the advantages of luster, luster and beauty, and is called hard yellow paper. There is also a kind of hard white paper, which is coated with wax on the front and back sides of the original paper, and then rubbed with pebbles or arc stones to make the paper bright, smooth and dense, with uniform and detailed fibers, slightly thicker than hard yellow paper. In addition, the politician added. On the basis of powder wax paper and colored paper, paper products with gold and silver foil or powder luster are called golden flower paper, silver flower paper or honeysuckle paper, also called cold gold paper or sprinkled gold and silver paper; There is also that kind of paper with exquisite colors and patterns, which is polished one by one on the pattern board engraved with calligraphy and painting, so that various patterns are hidden on the paper, also called flower curtain paper or textured paper. At that time, caviar paper made in Sichuan was very popular among literati. In addition, there are simply reprocessed papers, such as Xue Tao's notes, Xie Gong's ten-color notes and other dyed papers.
The paper industry of the Five Dynasties continued to develop. Zhangzhou's Chengxin Tang paper was always considered as the best paper until the Northern Song Dynasty. This kind of paper is "as smooth as spring water, as thin as cocoon, as tough as Shu paper and as crisp as Shu paper". This paper can be as long as 50 feet, as thin as the Song Dynasty. There are many papers with different textures. Paper is generally soft and thin, and the first-class paper is made in Jiangnan, also called Jiangdong paper. The reuse of paper began in the Southern Song Dynasty.
paper
By the Yuan Dynasty, the paper industry was dying, but it barely maintained the past scene of Jiangnan. In the Ming Dynasty, the paper industry flourished again. The main famous products are Xuan paper, bamboo paper, Xuande paper and Songjiang Tan Jian. In the Qing Dynasty, the manufacturing technology of Xuan paper was further improved and became a household name. Most of the paper-making in various places uses local materials and uses various raw materials. In paper processing technology, such as sizing, alum addition, dyeing, etc., there are further developments and innovations. All kinds of stationery are popular again, with white paper and elegant colored paper as the texture, and bright and quiet as the color. Pastel wax stationery in Kangxi Qianlong period, such as gold and silver pattern pastel wax stationery, Un-yong Kim wax stationery, multicolor calendered wax stationery, printing and dyeing stationery, three-color paper is glazed with pastel and wax, and then with clay gold or clay silver.
In addition, since the Jin Dynasty, the imperial court in China has accepted tribute paper from neighboring countries, such as South Vietnamese tissue paper (or moss paper), which is sweet, warm and non-toxic with seaweed as raw material. Korean tribute paper and chicken forest paper are loved by rulers of past dynasties. In the Qing dynasty, there were Korean gold paper, golden age paper, mirror paper, bamboo green paper and Vietnamese moss paper. Paper, paperboard and processed paper are collectively referred to as multi-purpose sheet fiber products for writing, recording, printing, painting or packaging. They are made of pulp suspended in water, deposited into interwoven fiber layers on the forming wire of a paper machine, and then pressed and dried.