With the completion of the transformation of China's modern national defense system, the construction and deployment of China's navy has gradually taken shape. Its initial form is: North.

There are four types of local regions: nonlocal, Nanyang, Fujian and Guangdong. The navy is divided into the north; Alert the east and south seas. Within the four seas

The formation of the military three-way layout pattern is not accidental, but profoundly reflects the grim situation faced by modern China in the ocean direction

The historical background of. After 1840, the Qing government invaded by the sea was forced to take a step forward in establishing a marine defense system.

One step away. However, the establishment of modern navy was delayed by 10 years. 1867, as a place

Fang civil servant proposed to the court that the future China navy marked by new ships should be divided into three ways: the first way is Beiyang prefect.

Jurisdiction, stationed in Dagu, forbidden to guard Jingmen, and guarding Beihai, including Zhili (Hebei), Shengjing (Liaoning) and Shandong coastal areas.

This scope basically summarizes Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula, and regards Bohai Sea as the control of maritime access. Second, Chinese and foreign governors and commanders,

Stationed at the mouth of Wuxiang River, defending the East China Sea and covering the coastal areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Third, under the command of Nanyang prefect, stationed in Xiamen, mainly

Defend the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangdong. Ding Richang put forward three directions: the navy usually defends one side, and in wartime, "all the way is a soldier, two roads."

In order to make a surprise attack, speeding should help ",and make use of the characteristics of China sea area to support each other, so that the seven coastal provinces of China are at sea.

The defense is unified. This is the earliest complete plan for the deployment and use of modern navy that we have seen today.

In the modern military history of China, it is of great significance to advocate the unified deployment of the navy in different directions. In fact, China's navy later formulated a strategy.

The formation of the layout is basically carried out in accordance with this idea. Today, this strategic layout not only refers to the coastal provinces at that time.

The present situation of coastal defense also takes into account the geographical and human conditions along the coast.

The setting of Nanyang direction focuses on Fujian and Guangdong provinces, and Guangdong is one of the strategic outposts of China economic center before it moved northward in the19th century.

Land. Guangdong was the first to bear the brunt of the two wars, 1840, 1856. Fujian is adjacent to Guangdong, and its defense relations are extensive.

The safety of the East Wing, compared with the former island tail of Taiwan Province Province? Why don't you knock on Yunlin's door and give her a rice key? Yue?

It has always been a concern of everyone. In addition, the Fujian Shipping Bureau, which was building a new type of ship at that time, has started construction; Fujian maritime defense force group

The foundation has been laid. Building a maritime defense system that integrates Guangdong and Fujian in this direction can form a defense against enemies outside the southern tip of the land.

Situation.

Jiangsu and Zhejiang coastal areas are located in the middle of the whole sea defense line, and the Yangtze River estuary, Suzhou, Songjiahu and Hangzhou are the rear of China's defense direction.

Since the emergence of agricultural cash crops, successive central governments have attached great importance to the safety of this area. Because it has something to do with the central government.

The government's fiscal revenue has increased in the direction of the sea and the Yangtze River estuary after the rise of modern maritime industry replaced the role of the Grand Canal in connecting the north and the south.

The importance of defense is even more prominent. Northern provinces surround Gyeonggi, while Liaodong and Shandong Peninsula seem to highlight the East Asian continent and embrace the Bohai Sea.

In China, the Bohai Sea is like a natural moat in Beijing, which can be crossed as the political center of China. During the Second Opium War, Britain

It was after the French allied forces invaded the Bohai Sea defense line that they forced the imperial court to lay an alliance at the gate. In view of this, the three provinces around Bohai Sea will unite.

As a separate defense area, the unified deployment and use of maritime forces is the most important thing to ensure the dynasty and the entire sea defense line.

Heavy.

However, the design of the scheme is not equal to the actual operation. 1875, the first country on the deployment and construction of China.

After a big discussion on restructuring the national defense strategic system, the plan was officially promulgated. Unfortunately, the highest decision-making level did not adopt it.

Accept the "Sanyo layout" plan and replace it with the "supervision" of the entire sea defense line that divides the north and south oceans. According to this decision, the four northern provinces

Still doing the defensive direction, beiyang fleet will complete the deployment in this direction in the future, while Jiangsu and Zhejiang will plan to go south, and "China and the Ocean" will no longer exist.

As a single direction, Nanyang jurisdiction actually extends from the south of the Yangtze River estuary to Guangdong Province, including many operational directions. long

Hekou, Taiwan Province Province and Nanhai Sea are in this area. The existing navies of Guangdong and India are also under the jurisdiction of Nanyang.

In fact, this is simply not feasible under the feudal military system. Therefore, the early China navy was in the Yangtze River estuary.

The deployment of the south coast has formed such a situation: the Nanyang Navy is only called the Navy of a province in Jiangsu, and the deployment area is only

Along the coast of Jiangsu, all the way to the mouth of Qiantang River, Fujian Navy is not in the Nanyang series, but only undertakes the warning platform for guarding the Min Sea.

Gulf mission; The Guangdong navy has always developed independently and supported the southern maritime defense. The above-mentioned China Navy is in the downtown waters.

The anti-deployment started at 1875 and existed for about 10 years.

Compared with the inconsistency of Nanyang system and deployment, the construction of Beiyang Navy is relatively standardized. This is because since19th century.

Since the 1970s, the Qing government gradually moved the coastal defense center to the north, giving priority to the development of the navy in the north. To 1884

In, Beiyang Navy equipped 14 reserve ships, especially 15 ships imported by the Qing government from Britain, Germany and other countries.

Il spaceship. What's more worth mentioning is that during this period, in order to ensure the implementation of the established coastal defense strategy of the imperial court, Beiyang Navy selected it for survey.

In order to build a maritime triangle defense system in Bohai Bay, which is supported by three naval bases: Dagu Lake, Lushun and Weihai.

The planning and decision-making of this strategic move will enable the North Wing of China Navy to have a stable internal security Beijing in the future.

Division, across the Bohai Bay defense zone. This provided a favorable cover for the new national defense system in the late Qing Dynasty. Admiralty of China

The strategic layout was really finalized in the mid-1980s of 19. 1884 In August, the Sino-French war broke out in Ma Jiang.

This was the first large-scale operation after the completion of China's modern navy, which almost wiped out the already large-scale Fujian navy. but

The coastal defense construction that has been in operation has also appeared a big gap immediately. In view of this situation, the Qing court decided to redevelop the navy.

Unlike 10 years ago, the climax of naval construction in 1885 had the foundation of construction in 10 years, and the deployment and prevention of the navy.

The scope of the empire has been roughly determined, and all that has been done is to adjust the existing layout. The intention of the Qing government is: to strengthen with all one's strength

The defense of the North Sea, therefore, the specific situation of the deployment of China Navy from the period of 19 to the end of this century is: Guangdong Navy.

Trying to increase, but the effect is not great. As the backbone of the south sea force, Guangdong Navy has 50 ships of various types in 1890.

However, only three ships can fight offshore, and all of them were lost in the Sino-Japanese War 1895.

Fujian Navy could not restore the fleet size, which made the maritime defense in the direction of Taiwan Province Province blank. Fortunately, before the Sino-Japanese War,

Japan, the main maritime enemy, fully implements the "mainland policy" and does not go south. In order to fully develop beiyang fleet, the Qing court, 1885.

Years later, the equipment procurement of Nanyang Navy was stopped. Although the host of Nanyang Navy hopes to strengthen the deployment of Nanyang to echo Beiyang; be filled/suffused/brimming with

Give full play to the overall effect of naval layout, but with the scale of 15 ships and 19000 tons, it can't support the southeast. special

It was from 1888 that Nanyang ships capable of naval warfare were ordered to be transferred to Beiyang system every spring and summer, thus enabling the China navy to deploy.

An important direction in form exists in name only.

Beiyang navy is the biggest beneficiary in the adjustment of naval layout at this time. 1888, beiyang fleet officially became an army and owned ships.

The number of ships reached 25, with a total displacement of 39,000 tons. At the same time, beiyang fleet's berthing, training, establishment and logistics support have all been completed.

System.

189O, Beiyang Lushun base was built 10. Four years later, Weihai base across the sea from Lushun also became.

Another staging area in beiyang fleet. The former is used for berthing and maintenance of Beiyang ships, while the latter is mainly used for berthing, drilling and replenishment of Beiyang ships.

Provide protection. With the completion of the two bases, the effective warning area of beiyang fleet has been pushed from the coastal areas of Bohai Sea to the whole Bohai Sea.

Outside the bay. In addition, the original Dagu base provides arms supply and maintenance guarantee for beiyang fleet, which is a complete and modern Bohai Rim.

The coastal defense circle has finally formed.

From the formation of the first strategic layout of the China Navy,' we can get a glimpse of the basic connotation of the coastal defense strategy in the late Qing Dynasty; first

First of all, judge the national maritime security situation and determine Japan as the main enemy in the future; Secondly, the strategic layout of China's navy.

The first form, from the beginning of construction, was synchronized with the inclination of the Qing court to the northern coastal defense, which inevitably led to the finalization of the * * * season.

The construction and layout of China's navy, characterized by an abnormal pattern of neglecting territory and emphasizing the north over the south, created the history of the first layout of the navy.

Regret; Third, from the overall form of naval layout, it is full of a negative defense guidance, which is inevitable.

Affect the use of naval forces. Beiyang fleet, deployed in the north wing, has a first-class military port and combat equipment in the Far East.

The power of fear and blow. However, the first generation commanders of the China Navy only used this strategic force to defeat the enemy at sea.

To "shut your mouth" and end up in your own port is a disgrace to the China navy. From this perspective, in China,

The basic design of China's first naval layout was finalized during the formation of modern navy, which is reasonable. But its development is inevitable.

To the imbalance, its existence is the cross-century legacy of China's military modernization. Facing the new century, its rationality and

The neural theory of imbalance is worth pondering.