1. The ancient period of process chemistry. At this time, the technology of ceramics, metallurgy, wine-making and dyeing of human beings is mainly inspired by practical experience, and through thousands of years of exploration, chemical knowledge has not yet formed. This is the embryonic period of chemistry.
2. The period of alchemy and medical chemistry. From BC 1500 to AD 1650, alchemists and alchemists started the earliest chemical experiments in the palace, in the church, in their own homes and in the smoky mountains, in order to seek the immortal elixir and rich gold. There are many books about alchemy in China, Arabia, Egypt and Greece. During this period, many chemical changes between substances were accumulated, which prepared rich materials for the further development of chemistry. This is a magnificent sight that amazes us in the history of chemistry. Later, alchemy and alchemy experienced ups and downs, which made people see its absurd side more. Chemical methods have been properly used in medicine and metallurgy. During the European Renaissance, some books on chemistry were published and the word "chemistry" was used for the first time. Chemistry in English originated from alchemy, namely alchemy. Chemist still retains two related meanings: chemist and pharmacist. These can be said to be chemical relics born out of alchemy and pharmaceutical industry.
3. phlogiston chemical period. From 1650 to 1775, with the accumulation of metallurgical industry and laboratory experience, people have summed up the perceptual knowledge that combustible materials can burn because they contain phlogiston, and the combustion process is the process in which combustible materials release phlogiston, which turns into ashes.
4. Quantitative chemical period, that is, modern chemical period. 1775 or so, lavoisier expounded the oxidation theory of combustion with quantitative chemical experiments, which initiated the era of quantitative chemistry. During this period, many basic laws of chemistry were established, atomism was put forward, the periodic law of elements was discovered, and the theory of organic structure was developed. All these have laid a solid foundation for the development of modern chemistry.
5. The period of mutual infiltration of science is the period of modern chemistry. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the development of quantum theory made chemistry and physics have a common language, which solved many unresolved problems in chemistry. On the other hand, the infiltration of chemistry into biology and geology gradually solved the structural problems of protein and enzymes.
This article mainly tells the story of chemical history in the past 200 years. This is a period of rapid development of chemistry and a period of heroes. Let's experience the difficulties and obstacles experienced by chemists in those years, trudge tirelessly in the tortuous course of modern chemical history, and appreciate the infinite scenery when they set aside the fog to establish new theories, discover new elements and propose new methods.
Influence of phlogiston theory
Combustible substances, such as carbon and sulfur, have only a little ash after combustion; After calcination of dense metal, more forging ash is obtained, but it is very loose. All this gives the impression that something was taken away as the flame rose. With the rapid development of metallurgical industry, people have a stronger desire to summarize the essence of combustion phenomenon.
1723, Shtal, a professor of medicine and pharmacology at Harley University, published the textbook Fundamentals of Chemistry. He inherited and developed his teacher becher's explanation of burning phenomenon, and formed a complete and systematic theory, which runs through the whole chemistry. Fundamentals of chemistry