I. Historical Evolution of Yitong River
(A) Yitong River development process
1, Hyman origin. Jinzhong bazi in Dongchuan Fucheng, with an area of 45km2, was an inland shallow lake five years ago, which was called Hyman in ancient times. It was the seat of Dongchuan Prefecture in ancient times, and now it is the seat of Huize County. In front of the Hyman government, for more than 30 weeks, a wave soaked in reeds. Fish, shrimp, celery and water chestnuts are produced in the reservoir, and the local people also benefit from it. Over the years, the rotting reed sank, the water coiled like the ground, and people walked on it and swayed. Probe with a bamboo pole, 10 is more than feet deep, and the pole head is drawn out without soil or mud before reaching the bottom. When it rains in May and June, it will rise, turn into a tide, flood and cause disasters, and the surrounding fields are suffering. In the sixth year of Yongzheng, Huang Shijie, the magistrate, dug three rivers and drained the water to the Li River, which has been reclaimed. In a word, the root disc of creeping weeds is empty, soilless and cannot be cultivated. The ancients called it "Hyman" and named it skillfully.
2. Yitong River and Guxin River. Yining (a scholar from Zhengbaiqi, Manzhou, 1753- 1757) was appointed as the magistrate of Dongchuan. On the basis of previous construction, Yining improved and connected the river, that is, Yining made the river "barrier-free", hence the name "Yitong River". Yitong River, which originates from the source of Zhuozhang River, starts at the foot of Ma 'anshan, flows into Xiaolongtan Water, passes through Fuxinmen, crosses the North Gate, turns to the east of Laotucheng, passes through Shizui, Yi Shi and Meiziqing, reaches Huayi (Mud) Village, and enters the Zhongyou River. It is thirty miles long, more than ten feet wide and seven or eight feet deep. At the foot of Ma 'anshan, a big weir for dividing water was built, which was five feet high and five feet wide and shaped like a fish scale. It is called Fish Scale Dam by later generations, which leads Lee Ha to the river. Guyi Yi Tong River was built in the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727) and completed in the twenty-first year of Qianlong (1756), which lasted for 29 years. 1727, Hyman accumulated water, which was called "New River" by Dongchuan County Records, and was divided into three rivers: left, middle and right. Zuohe is now Meizi River, with a total length of 9.83km, and Zhonghe is now Zhonghe, with a total length of 6.86km. Youhe is now the riverside, with a total length of 12.47km. Yudong River, also known as Haihe River, is the main discharge channel of Jinzhong Bazi, and the tail water belongs to Yili River, with a total length of 3.6km, also known as Xiaoqing River. Haihe River and Xiaoqing River were built when they drained the water from the sea.
3. The extension of Yitong River in modern times. During the Republic of China, Yitong River was expanded twice. One was in the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), which was about 1km long from Liusha Bridge to Xiaopo Leng. The other time was in the twenty-third year of the Republic of China (1934), and the focal position moved up 100 meters.
4. Reconstruction and expansion of modern Yitong River. First, from 1965 to 197 1, Yitong River was rebuilt five times. The government mobilized the masses to invest more than 630,000 man-days to build the dam, widened the section of the local riverbed and lined the dangerous embankment about 2 kilometers long from Wulong Tomb to Sankong Bridge. From February 1965 to May 1966, a 3.28km "new river" was excavated from the source to Yazhu Tree, which extended the length and enlarged the irrigation area. This section of the river is called "People's River" with a designed flow of 5m3/s. There are two dredging bridges, two highway bridges and a 1 culvert gate on the new river, and a masonry overflow dam is built at the head of the canal, which is called "People's Dam". The People's Dam is 38m long, with a height of 1.74m, a dam bottom width of 3.5m, a dam mouth width of 1.3m and a reinforced concrete apron length of 8.4m. There are four gates on the dam, the gate size is 1200×800mm reinforced concrete slab gate, and the hoist adopts cast iron hoist. The People's River is invested 43,000 yuan by the state and raised 65,000 yuan by Jinzhong Township. Earthwork excavation is 97,500 m3, masonry is 45,500 m3, and concrete and reinforced concrete 100m3. At this point, the total length of Yitong River is 17.46km, and the irrigation area has developed to1.667 hm2 (25,000 mu), which makes Jinzhong Dam planted one season earlier than before. The second is the expansion and reconstruction project of Yitong River after 1990. The first phase of the project started at the end of1990165438+10 and was completed at the end of March. It is 5.065km long (from Fujun Building to Yanchang Section), with a design flow of 5m3/s, 38,600 m3 of earth and stone excavation, 23,500 m3 of M5.0 mortar supporting block stone (jointing with m3(M7.5 mortar) and 309.54m3 of C20 reinforced concrete, with an investment of 45 1 10,000 person-days. The total investment is 899,400 yuan, including 650,000 yuan from higher authorities, 84,400 yuan from various departments, and165,000 yuan from the town and the people. Phase II project, 1992 65438+ 10/0, completed on April 20th, 1992. It is 3.99km long (from Fujun Building in Longtan to Shigu Three-hole Bridge), with a design flow of 5m3/s, a clear width of 5m at the upper mouth of the river bed, a width of 4m at the bottom, a dike height of 2.7m and a slope ratio of 0.7‰. Earthwork excavation is 565,438+500,000 m3, M5.0 mortar supporting block stone is 65,438+340,000 m3(M7.5 mortar jointing), C20 reinforced concrete is 36.8m3, and the investment is 285,000 person-days. The total investment is 557,300 yuan, including 250,000 yuan from the higher authorities and 307,300 yuan from the masses and towns. The third phase of the project started in June 1998 and was completed at the end of March 1998. The total investment of the project is 1.45 million yuan, with backwater bridge 1 seat and tractor bridge 1 seat.
(B) the function of Yitong River
1, the role of Yitong River in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Yitong River draws water from the Li River to the bed of the Li River, which is called "borrowing water to return water" by later generations, making the whole project a system of water diversion, irrigation and storage. Borrowing water and using water has strengthened the city's defense and improved the production and living conditions.
(1) irrigation function. Irrigation of Hyman farmland with Lihe River; No.2 sluice and No.5 culvert are drained without storage, and both drainage and irrigation are taken into account when opening and closing. "Anfengmen" is in the upper reaches of Meizi River, and "Yudong Gate" is at the big bend of Yudong, which is the general hub of water storage and drainage in the whole dam area. When the stone gate is closed, the water level will rise, which is beneficial to water for farmland planting and transplanting, drought resistance, "natural" irrigation and reducing drought-resistant labor force. When the stone gate is opened, the water level will drop, which is convenient for flood discharge and drainage. A culvert was installed in Sancun to drain the water from the mountain next to the old house, irrigate the fields on the left side of Wulong Tomb, Shuicheng and Longtan, and return to the mouth of Yudong River. In Longtan village, there is a water culvert that drains the water behind the mountain and irrigates the fields in front of the small stove, which belongs to the mouth of Yudong River. A water conveyance culvert was installed in front of Jinzhongshan to drain the water from the back mountain, irrigate the fields around Jiaochang Dam, and then return to the estuaries of Jiezi River and Huiyudong River. Install a culvert at the foot of Xicheng, drain the water from the back hill of Xilai Temple, fill it in the field at the entrance of Luji Village, and then return to the estuary of Shatan River and Huiyu Cave. Install culverts at the foot of the north gate battery to drain the water around the street building and the west gate in the city and irrigate the fields outside the north gate. The water will flow back to the estuaries of Jiezi River and Huiyu Cave. Install a culvert outside the north gate to drain all the water from the east, south and north gate, irrigate the fields around Liangshuitang, and return to the estuary of Haizi River and Huiyudong.
(2) The function of purifying water environment and the application of "from avenue to simplicity". As the old saying goes, "a stream of water does not rot, and a family does not rot" ("Lv Chunqiu? All "), domestic sewage and coinage wastewater are discharged from Yitong River to remove and release pollution.
(3) Water transport function. Yitong River leads to a boat. The timber used in the city is cut down by the forest area above Maojiacun, enters Yitong River via Yili River, reaches the lock water pavilion in the west of the city (destroyed during the Cultural Revolution), then enters the woodshed (unloading dock), and then is transported to all parts of the city. Yu Qiao sang late, reflecting the busy scene at that time.
(4) Urban defense function. "Yitong River flows around Dongcheng", which starts at the foot of Ma 'anshan, meets Xiaolongtan Water, passes through the west gate of Fuzhi, passes through the north gate, turns to the east of Laotucheng, passes through Shizui, Yi Shi and Meiziqing, reaches Huayi (Mud) Village, enters Zhongyou River, and runs through the west and north gates, which conforms to the construction layout of the ancient city and has the function of city defense.
2. The role of Yitong River in contemporary times. Although Yitong River has been changed from dynasty to dynasty, its irrigation function has not changed so far, and it has been gradually strengthened. "Dongchuan Fujiji?" The Yitong River in Dongchuan Prefecture has two sluices and five culverts. With the gradual expansion of irrigation area, three sluice gates were added in the construction of urban flood control project in 2005, and now the number of drainage culverts in Yitong River has grown to 108. Through the transformation, the functions of flood discharge, sewage discharge and sewage discharge have not changed, and Yitong River has become an important project for flood discharge, sewage discharge and sewage discharge in urban areas.
Second, the problems and crises faced
(A) the status quo of Yitong River
Yitong River is full of rubbish and weeds, and it is not uncommon to build dams and block them illegally. The river is dark and smelly, and there is no fish and shrimp, which is seriously polluted. The phenomenon of urban construction encroaching on rivers is serious, and buildings cross the bank protection. Urban roads encroach on Yitong River, especially the intersection of urban main roads and rivers is often regarded as culverts, and channels are completely given way to roads, which is not conducive to the connection of water system space, and there are hidden dangers of flood control and drainage. The urban road parallel to Yitong River is close to the passage, and there is no guardrail between them, which is not conducive to pedestrian safety. There is a lack of buffer zone between buildings and passages, and most of these places have become garbage dumps that breed mosquitoes and flies and stink, and the urban junction has become a "dragon beard ditch".
(B) Yitong River reconstruction disputes
1, the source of the dispute. With the rapid development of cities and the gradual improvement of people's living standards, people's requirements for living environment are getting higher and higher. Yitong River is seriously polluted, and the environment on both sides of the bank protection is bad, which has a negative impact on the overall environment of the city. The conflict between urban development and Yitong river system may split, weaken or even be buried.
2. Reasons for transformation. At least two aspects of the transformation of Yitong River are permanent. First, Yitong River plays an important role in irrigation, flood discharge and sewage discharge. At present, there is no engineering substitution, such as landfill, which will break the drainage system of the county and produce new social problems, and the project is huge and not worth the candle. The second is the uniqueness of the historical value of Yitong River water conservancy cultural heritage. Studying Yitong River from the perspective of water conservancy culture, its unique historical value and water conservancy cultural heritage have laid the foundation for formulating urban water environment landscape protection planning. It is not only a water conservancy project in the traditional sense, but also reflects the social, economic, political and cultural aspects of Huize in the corresponding period. Protecting historical and cultural heritage is an inevitable need for the development of human civilization. The historical buildings, spatial pattern, inscriptions and related historical materials of Yitong River are the main elements of water conservancy cultural heritage.
3. Development trend. From the perspective of sustainable development and responsibility for history, in order to improve the overall environment and style of the city, it is necessary to sort out the cultural heritage of Yitong River Water Conservancy and create new achievements through protection, renewal and regeneration. Taking the planning and design of Huize County People's Government and Shanghai Qichuang Tourism Landscape Design Co., Ltd. as an opportunity, Yitong River was included in the mid-term implementation project of Huize County Tourism Development Master Plan from June 5438 to October 2009, and it is planned to build Yitong River into a place for tourism, entertainment and leisure. Fully respect and combine the urban spatial mechanism and future urban development planning, so that the Yitong River landscape and urban spatial mechanism can be organically integrated, combined with the future urban public green space, and jointly shoulder the important functions of urban public green space landscape and become an organic part of urban residents' daily life.
Three. Enlightenment and Verification of Yitong River
(1) Operation management
1, Management of Yi Tong River in Guyi. The first is operation. In densely populated areas, seven water mills were built by using hydrodynamics to facilitate people's livelihood. The first episode, next to the old tinker. The second group is in the east of Luji Village, and the third group is next to Luji Village. The fourth group, next to the east of Luji Village. The fifth, sixth and seventh sets are all in the east corner of Luji Village. Yi Ning's "New River Water Mill": "From the bottom of Longtan to the top of the north, where the phase flow is urgent, six boards are built and rolled. Each plate rents out half a hundred by donating one floor, one plate is distributed to temples such as Wu Wen Town God and Academy, and the other two plates are used as the paste fire of Academy. This is well documented. If so, the large quantity is used for irrigation and the small quantity is used for public use. It will benefit from the income, and it will be successful in two years without labor and money. The name of the building is Dongchuan, and the county name is Huize, which is worthy of the name. " Later, it was increased to 10 water wheel, and the water fee was charged as the maintenance fee according to the annual shift, avoiding the private fund-raising and fund management of village groups along the line. From 65438 to 0960, water mill was gradually replaced by electric mill and electric mill; The second is to set up a water contract. After the completion of Yitong River, farmers often give up their fields for water, leading to collective fights and even casualties. Show the water gauge, and from the road and bridge outside the north gate, it is "day east and night west", that is, in the direction of water flow, farmers in the east of the city release water during the day and farmers in the west of the city release water at night, thus putting an end to water disputes. Similar to the current water users association management; The third is to dig and transport sand. Beneficiary farmers invited buffaloes to swim in the river every year before planting and in their leisure time, so as to dredge the sediment in the river. This custom continued until liberation.
2. Modern management. The first is private office assistance. 1998 to 2000, every year, all-in-one contract was implemented, and the cadres of the county-level organs and the people of the beneficiary villages in Jinzhong Township volunteered to carry out dredging, and then the cadres and workers of all departments of the county-level organs raised funds or the county allocated funds, and Jinzhong Township arranged labor to carry out dredging on Yitong River; The second is to manage according to responsibilities. Now it is managed by Huize County Construction Bureau and Jinzhong Town of Huize County, including dispatching, dredging, sewage discharge and maintenance.
(B) the concept of river management
1760, Gui Fang, then the magistrate of Dongchuan, visited Yitong River, praising: "The river is winding, planting trees along the river to protect the embankment, and deeply cherishing Gong Yi's merits." "Dongchuan Miscellaneous Poems": "Silver goes straight to Sanli, and gold locks are divided into ten million. Poplar green willows around the embankment, peach blossoms planted on the red bank. After Qu Zheng was chiseled, the mountains and rivers became rich, and the Suzhou River sluice became luxurious. I have been coaching for a long time and I am proud of the car. " . The above ideas are the same as those of modern river regulation, following the basic concept of "health, safety, vitality and development" and the natural movement law of water, without changing the original river course, the river course is naturally curved, maintaining the natural river course shape, the river regime is relatively stable, the river landscape vegetation is diverse, not rigid and monotonous, and has affinity, so that residents can enjoy the hydrophilic environment.
(C) the concept of harmony between man and nature
The ancients pursued the concept of "harmony between man and nature, harmonious symbiosis". When the Yitong River was built, an "eco-industry" was founded and a suitable living environment was created. Open a canal at the entrance of the east gate of Houshan Mountain after the rehabilitation station to divert water into the east of the city for the "Dongbao Money Bureau" to make money by smelting copper. The ditch runs from the back hill of Zhou Jia Ancestral Temple at the entrance of Qing Dynasty, through Baiyige, into the mint of copper smelter, through Shuishiqiao, through Shoufu Temple and into Yitong River. After that, Qian Bao Bureau built a closed overpass on the Shuishiqiao River, which led directly to the Mining Bureau, ensuring the safety of coins and promoting the development of copper smelting and coin casting in Dongchuan. The government dug ditches at Dongmenqing in the southern suburbs to draw water into the city for drinking, and used the remaining water to irrigate the garden beside the ditch. Passing through the streets and alleys and running through the whole city, it presents a picture of "running water in front of every house and weeping willows behind every house". Just like Yi Ning's "Rebuilding Longtan Temple" and "Inscription of Newly Established Rixin Academy", "Peach blossoms bloom here, fish holes are deep in spring, Mo Wen is ups and downs, people are in the emperor, and playing guqin in spring is leisurely and wonderful. Mountains and rivers are my heart. " It is proved that "the harmony between man and nature is the core idea of sustainable development and water control".
(D) People-oriented thought and the continuation of the concept of benevolent government
Yitong River irrigation project promoted the agricultural development and urban prosperity in Dongchuan area and became the lifeblood of the prosperity of Qing Dynasty. For the people to control water first, water conservancy is prosperous, granaries are full, and water conservancy is prosperous. People take food as the sky, water as the priority, and soil as the foundation. "pipe? Land and water pointed out: "Those who are beneficial to the country must first eliminate the five evils. Drought, one disaster, wind, fog, hail, frost, one disaster, one disaster and one disaster are called five disasters. Among the five evils, water is the biggest. Five evils have been eliminated and people can be cured. "Hyman reclamation project is a political achievement project after the Qing Dynasty's" returning farmland to streams ",which has a strong political color. Objectively speaking, the completion of Hyman promoted the economic development of Huize and played a very positive role in the transition from Dongchuan landlord economy to landlord economy and the establishment of the whole landlord economy. The idea of "benefiting the people" is embodied in the "building water conservancy" in each era, which is commemorated in the form of monuments, poems and local chronicles. The seven laws of Dongchuan Miscellaneous Poems praise: "Dongchuan is divided into south and east acres, and Huize has begun to merge independently. I dare to dig in the same place and help others. It is very difficult to be virtuous in the imperial court, and the size is passed on to the ancestors. I only hope that the people will open and close at the right time, and I will not advise Ban Dangou. ".Dongchuan juren Chen Hongtu also praised poetry. "The Yitong River around Dongcheng irrigates farmland. Zeng Laixian used to be a satrap, celebrating Qiu Cheng in Jinmanhai. "In imperial academy in the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Ying recorded a poem saying," Rivers and canals are open for 30 miles, and thousands of japonica rice must be planted. Willing to work hard, praise the righteousness for a hundred years. "
Fourth, learn from and explore.
Yitong River is a water conservancy control project in Dongchuan area. It has been flowing for nearly 300 years, still benefiting the local people, meeting the requirements of comprehensive development and utilization of water resources to the maximum extent, and achieving the best comprehensive benefits in flood control, irrigation, drainage, water transmission, urban and industrial water use, sewage discharge, sediment control, environmental protection and so on. Through the analysis of the history, function and present situation of Yitong River, its unique historical value and water conservancy culture are worth learning and thinking about in modern water conservancy construction and exploring its practical significance.