Henry vii, the son of Henry VI's half brothers Edmund Tudor and Margaret beaufort, grew up in exile in Brittany and was regarded as the leader of Lancaster Sect.
1485 In August, henry vii defeated Richard at the Battle of Bosworth, and immediately became king, establishing the Tudor Dynasty, known as henry vii in history. Rule the kingdom of England and its surrounding areas. Henry vii was praised as the king of virtue for rewarding industrial and commercial development during his tenure.
Royalty rule
1485101On October 30th, henry vii was crowned at Westminster Abbey in London. Henry vii's stepfather, Thomas Stanley, wore an expensive mink robe and sent the king's sword from the Tower of London to Westminster Abbey. Thomas Stanley did not take part in the battle to make his stepson ascend to the throne, but his waiting and observation were richly rewarded, and his title rose to Earl.
Parliament was held after the coronation ceremony. The nobles welcomed henry vii as the second Joshua (the Jewish king after Moses) who saved the people from the tyrant, and soon passed a decree declaring that the English throne was handed down from generation to generation by henry vii and his descendants.
In order to ease political conflicts and strengthen the legitimacy of becoming king of England, Elizabeth, the daughter of henry vii and Edward IV of England, England, and the York family, got married in Westminster Abbey in London on June 8th. 1486+ 18. They were originally descended from Edward III. Henry vii announced the merger of two families, York and Lancaster, which settled the dispute over their inheritance rights, and ended the wars of the roses with this marriage between rival families. The red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York merged to form the Tudor royal symbol, the red and white Tudor rose.
counterinsurgency
At the beginning of henry vii's reign, his main energy was to eliminate the old forces in house of york, eliminate the threat to the throne and consolidate his rule. When he married Princess Elizabeth, he arrested Edward, the Earl of Warwick, the son of George, Duke of Clarence, and threw the ten-year-old nobleman into the Tower of London.
1487, two years after the battle of Bosworth, a man named Lambert Simenel claimed to be Edward, Earl of Warwick, and defected. The man who actually manipulated the rebellion was Count Lincoln, who was appointed as the heir by Richard. 1June 487 16, henry vii launched the Battle of Stoke to suppress the rebellion of the fake Edward.
149 1 year, a French businessman, with the support of France and Scotland, claimed to be Richard, the second son of British Edward IV of England, and rose up against henry vii. The fake Richard was recognized by the monarchs in western Europe, so it was a great threat to henry vii. Fake Richard invaded Britain three times and was not captured until 1497. 1June, 499, fake Richard was executed. Two days later, Edward, the real Earl of Warwick who was imprisoned for 14 years, was hanged by henry vii. At this time, the men of the York family became orphans.
Alliance and marriage
Henry vii and Queen Elizabeth lived for many years, and four of them lived to adulthood. They are the eldest son Arthur, the second son Henry, the Duke of Richmond, Princess Margaret and Princesse Marie.
Princess Margaret's marriage to King James IV of Scotland improved the relationship with Scotland.
Princesse Marie married French King Louis XII of France.
In order to form an alliance with Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, and Isabella I, Queen of Castile, henry vii married Catherine, Princess of Aragon, as his eldest son Arthur. Arthur and Catherine spent their honeymoon in Radlow Castle, the traditional residence of the Prince of Wales, but after four months of their marriage, Arthur died suddenly and Henry, Duke of Richmond, became the heir to the throne. In order to maintain friendly relations with Spain through marriage, henry vii persuaded Catherine to stay and married her second son, Henry, Duke of Richmond.
1April 2, 5091day, henry vii died at Richmond Palace in England at the age of 52. Buried in henry vii Chapel at the east end of Westminster Abbey in London.
Political measures
politics
In wars of the roses, which lasted for more than 30 years, house of lancaster and the York family perished together, and a large number of old feudal nobles were killed or executed in mutual killing. The power of the emerging aristocracy and bourgeoisie grew rapidly in the war and became the pillar of the newly established monarchy in Tudor dynasty.
Henry vii established and consolidated its kingship through parliamentary and religious reforms. In the central government, the newly established Privy Council replaced the advisory parliament controlled by nobles; At the local level, the power of county magistrates has been expanded; Below the county level, decision-making power is concentrated in the hands of small parish meetings; Establish a series of privileged courts in the judicial system. The king's decision-making power is not unlimited, it is restricted by all aspects, especially parliamentary laws, which are capitalist. Monarchical power and parliament reached harmony and jointly maintained the operation of the British political machine.
With the unification of politics, the economic ties between different regions were further strengthened, and feudal agriculture began to change to capitalist agriculture, which led to the emergence of many capitalist farms and a number of new noble in English rural areas, which were closely related to capitalism. They directly or indirectly invested their accumulated capital in industry, which made British industry and handicraft industry develop rapidly.
military affairs
Henry vii dissolved the private armed forces in feudal big noble and held the armed forces tightly in his own hands. Henry vii has only sent British troops overseas once, and he prefers to use foreign mercenaries to accomplish this task.
As henry vii dissolved the feudal lords' guard, the country needed to form a new military force. However, due to the financial difficulties of Tudor dynasty, it was still impossible to establish a standing army, so the state implemented the system of recruiting mercenaries. By recruiting some vagrants into the army, on the one hand, we can provide some vagrants with employment opportunities, on the other hand, we can use these people to stabilize and suppress other vagrants. At the same time, those fallen knights also have the opportunity to join mercenaries to serve the king. Therefore, mercenaries strengthened the king's power and weakened the nobles, not only because it established a powerful armed force to carry out the king's will, but also because it provided employment space for young nobles.
fiscal science
In the early days of Tudor dynasty, the parliament and its subjects opposed the tax because they relied on the parliament to approve the tax, or the king levied the tax without the approval of the parliament, thus limiting the royal power. So henry vii adopted the practice of reducing its dependence on parliament. The financial institutions and methods implemented during the reign of henry vii completely broke the financial system in the Middle Ages. Henry vii even personally audited the accounts, greatly increasing the royal wealth. Henry vii does not have to rely on parliamentary meetings to solve its finances.
First of all, relying on the right of inheritance, henry vii obtained a large territory of the Earl of Richmond, the Duke of Lancaster and the Duke of York. After he ascended the throne, he ordered the restoration of the royal domain occupied by the nobles during the civil war for five times in a row, and tried 1.348 nobles by treason law, and confiscated their land, thus expanding the area of the royal domain, and the income of the royal domain also increased from 29,000 pounds in 1.509 pounds.
Secondly, due to the great increase in overseas trade of Tudor dynasty, the tariff revenue also increased, with an average annual income of more than 40 thousand pounds.
economy
During henry vii's tenure, he rewarded the development of industry and commerce, and capitalism sprouted and was fostered. Henry vii has repeatedly passed national decrees prohibiting the export of wool, especially high-quality wool, and even prohibiting the export of semi-finished wool products. The development of commodity economy disintegrated the feudal agricultural economy. The kingship controlled all kinds of trade, initially formed a mercantilist economic policy to protect industry and commerce, initially formed a unified labor force and commodity market, and the relationship between urban and rural areas moved from opposition to integration.
diplomacy
1485, henry vii, the founding monarch of Tudor dynasty, ascended the throne. At this time, the population of Britain was less than 3 million, which was about 1/5 and 1/2 of France and Spain, two big countries in western Europe at that time, and its territorial area was much smaller than theirs. Britain has no standing army, let alone a navy that depends on national security. Therefore, henry vii's consistent policy benchmark in foreign relations is "not to compete for European hegemony, but to seek to expand trade interests".
This foreign policy was later inherited and developed by Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.
Personality assessment
Henry vii was the founder of Tudor Dynasty in England. He ended wars of the roses, and the Tudor dynasty he founded was regarded as the golden age in the history of British absolute monarchy. He ruled England for 24 years. He enriched the British finances and restricted the nobles from having too much power. He rewarded the development of industry and commerce and created conditions for the development of British capitalism. He is regarded as a good king of England.