First, the origin and form of ancient newspapers in China? & gt( 1) discussion on the origin of ancient newspapers in China > 1. When did ancient newspapers originate? China is one of the earliest countries in the world where ancient newspapers appeared. When did the ancient newspapers in China appear? News historians have different opinions, including those of Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. Mr. Ge is the founder of the study of Chinese journalism history. His judgment on the origin of Shen Bao in China's journalism history has influenced not only domestic researchers but also foreign scholars. In the 1980s, due to the discovery of precious historical materials and the analysis of a large number of historical materials by scholars, the study of Chinese journalism history has made great progress. At the same time, people's research on the origin of ancient newspapers in China mostly focused on the Tang Dynasty. 1982, Mr. Fang Hanqi's "Looking at China's Ancient Newspapers from the Tang Dynasty's Entering the Courtyard in the British Library" proposed that the Tang Dynasty's Entering the Courtyard should be the oldest newspaper in China and even in the world, with solid technology, careful research and perfect discussion, indicating that "the time when China began to have mansion newspapers will not be later than the Tang Dynasty". Mr. Huang Zhuoming pointed out in The Origin of Ancient Newspapers in China: "According to the historical materials that can be found at present, it shows that the original form of Chinese newspapers should have been seen in the Tang Dynasty. Mr. Yao also clearly pointed out in "Discussion on Several Problems about Dibao" that Dibao originated in the late Tang Dynasty. & gt When did ancient newspapers appear in the nearly 300 years of the Tang Dynasty? Different scholars also have differences on this issue. Reading the third volume of the Classic of the Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper, plays an important role in studying the history of newspapers in the Tang Dynasty and is the most detailed and concrete description of the original newspapers. According to this, the earliest newspaper in China began in the Kaiyuan period (AD 7 13-74 1). Yang Lixin's Textual Research on When the Ancient Newspapers in China Began (Chunhuating Post) recorded that "the upper limit of the appearance of ancient newspapers with historical records in China can be traced back to 627-649, about 100 years earlier than the miscellaneous newspapers in Kaiyuan. "Fang Hanqi textual research Tang Guiyi army's" into the hospital "is the earliest ancient newspaper. He said that "the world-famous Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper has been lost today, and it has become the oldest newspaper in the world". The time was Tang Xizong's period, namely 873-888 AD. & gt In 2004, when the Tang Dynasty became a hot topic about the origin of ancient newspapers in China, Mr. Chen Lidan published "800 Years Before the Discovery of Ancient Newspapers in China" in Contemporary Communication. Based on the textual research of Zhang Tao for many years and the study of a large number of bamboo slips unearthed in Juyan and Dunhuang in northwest China, this paper advances the origin of ancient newspapers in China to the Western Han Dynasty. In fact, Zhang Tao's article "Newspapers in the Late Western Han Dynasty" written in 1998 has aroused academic interest. In 200 1, he once again expounded his point of view: "The official news dissemination in ancient China should not begin in the later Tang Dynasty, but should be located in the earlier Western Han Dynasty, that is, around 65,438+. Researchers above & gt mainly use empirical methods to study the origin of newspapers. They tried to find the "first" newspaper and prove their views with the "hard evidence" of the newspaper. Or we can prove our point of view from the name and nature of the discovered historical documents, and from the ancient documents, from the time when the words "newspaper", "newspaper form", "miscellaneous newspaper" and "article newspaper" appeared. & gt Different from the above research methods, Bing Lin proposed: "Instead of trying to identify the earliest treasure, it is better to identify humming and whispering-and then identify the' low hum' mixed in the place where the treasure originated, and identify the historical conditions and cultural background associated with it." He put the origin of ancient newspapers in China in the long historical process, and studied it more from the social soil that gave birth to news dissemination. So I came to the conclusion: "Although the official newspaper originated in the Tang Dynasty, I'm afraid it is still difficult to be established at present, but the establishment of ancient journalism in China can be marked by' miscellaneous newspapers'. Whether from the perspective of historical science or from the perspective of historical philosophy, it shows a leap from disorder to order, highlighting the transition from chaos to clarity. " & gt2. Discussion on the nature of "Zou Jin Courtyard" in Tang Dynasty. In the study of the origin of ancient newspapers, the nature of "entering the hospital" is a controversial topic in academic circles. To put it simply, the debate is: Is this "performance court form" a newspaper or an official document? & gt 1982 Mr. Fang Hanqi said, "In my opinion, there were treasures in the Tang Dynasty, and the newly discovered treasures were the treasures at that time." And the conclusion that "the Tang Dynasty played a certain role as a newspaper and was a kind of primitive newspaper" was drawn in "China Newspaper Begins with the Examination in the Tang Dynasty". This amazing conclusion has aroused discussion in academic circles. Mr. Zhang Guogang began to question the view that "entering the hospital" was the beginning of "treasure" with the article "Treasure is not an ancient newspaper". He thinks "Playing in the Yard" is not a newspaper, but a document. 1June, 986, in the article "Research on Two Dunhuang Zou Jin Courtyard Documents", he further expounded his point of view: "Zou Jin Courtyard Newspaper in Tang Dynasty, whether in content or form, whether in kind or in record, can only be a complete official document, which has nothing in common with newspapers." Jiang Xiangdong also holds a similar view. He thought that the "Zou Jin Courtyard" of Tang Guiyi Army was just a report given by Zou Jin officers to the chief executive of the buffer region. There is no other evidence that this report has developed into a document type beyond the scope of official documents. & gt 1988, Wu Tingjun published The Nature of Guiyijun Courtyard, and put forward different views on the nature of Guiyijun Courtyard. He thinks that Tang Guiyi's "entering the hospital" is only of an intelligence nature, because "it is quite confidential to copy only individuals and take the individual in the buffer region as the only reader". Li Bin said: "It is biased to regard this report as a newspaper and an official document. Dig deeper, the two sides are actually emphasizing two different sides of the same thing. On the one hand, the report is born out of official documents, and it obviously has the characteristics of official documents because of its kinship; On the other hand, due to the relationship between transmitting information and reporting "news", newspapers have some inherent properties of "newsprint", showing some signs of newspaper germination. " He believes that the accurate positioning of newspapers in the history of news communication in the Tang Dynasty should be news express. In response to Bing Lin's point of view, H proposed that "no matter the courtyard or mansion, it can't be compared with the news letters that the Mediterranean coast exchanged business, navigation and other information by ordering from special people around15th century. The former belongs to * * * internal newspaper system activities, while the latter is.
? Information exchange for society. He disagreed with Yilinbing about the nature of Jintang performance. He believes that "from the content (reporting the situation related to the position) and the form of activities (mainly submitted to the superior), it is close to official documents, far from news letters." ?
Regarding the debate about whether "Zou Jin Courtyard" is a newspaper or an official document, Mr. Fang Hanqi made a further explanation: "The Zou Jin Courtyard in Tang Dynasty, represented by Dunhuang Dibao, is a kind of news dissemination tool similar to later Dibao. Its main content is to transmit information to the court, which is distributed downwards by local military and political units stationed in the capital, so it has a certain official nature, but it is not an official newspaper approved by the central government. It retains many traces of official documents, but it is not the same as official documents. It has the nature of a newspaper, such as collecting news extensively and spreading news before official documents. However, it does not fully have the elements of an ordinary newspaper in terms of regular and public issuance, so it can only belong to a newspaper in its original state in the process of transforming official documents into official newspapers. " & gt No matter what views scholars hold, it is necessary to study the development of the buffer region system in the Tang Dynasty, the role and function of the imperial court, and the contents and characteristics of newspapers. & gt(2) Discussion on the names of newspapers in the Tang Dynasty > There are different opinions about the origin of ancient newspapers in China. One of the main reasons is that there are many names in ancient newspapers. The names of newspapers in the Tang Dynasty are also a focus of academic research. Through the textual research of ancient books, the word "Dibao" did not appear in the Tang Dynasty, and the feudal official newspaper, which we have always called "Dibao", was not officially registered. The names in the literature include: Entering the Hospital, Entering the Hospital, Leaving the Capital, Leaving the Residence, Di and Di Li. Mr. Fang Hanqi thinks: "All these things, though with different names, refer to the same thing, that is, they are all original newspapers forwarded to the local area by marching officers. Its nature is close to that of later newspapers. " Some scholars point out that there are differences in the citation of many ancient newspaper names. Mr. Huang Zhuoming believes that "newspaper form" is directly issued by the court, which is the general name of the original newspaper and should have the nature of the central bulletin of the Tang Dynasty. He also explained that "the newspaper was copied and passed around by the buffer region itself, forming the newspaper of the Tang Dynasty". Mr Yao made a special interpretation of Chao Bao, which he thought was a kind of news briefing published by the imperial court in the Tang and Song Dynasties, the first newspaper in the Tang Dynasty, and probably a continuation of "Flying Opera". & gt(3) Discussion on whether newspapers in the Tang Dynasty were published or not > There are also disputes in academic circles about whether the original newspapers appeared in the Tang Dynasty were published or not, especially about Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper. This controversy originated from Sun, a printmaker in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, who wrote A Study on the Origin of China Prints. Mr. Ge first accepted this view. In the History of China Newspapers, he said that Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper is one of the two existing "Tang Journals" and can be called a "rare treasure". Later, in the History of Chinese Journalism, Mr. Zeng asserted that Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper was a newspaper printed in block printing. I was the first to question Mr. Da: "Although Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper has sideline columns, there are too many ink prints to be distinguished. Can you print it if you can?" Is it Tang Ben? Since 1950s, more and more scholars have made textual research on the words "Meng Qian Bitan Printed Edition" and "Textual Research on the Origin of China Woodblock Printing", denying the statement that "Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper" was printed through textual research. Mr. Huang Zhuoming said: "Not only in the Tang Dynasty, but also for a long time after the Tang Dynasty, it was in a state of handwritten copying, which is another feature of ancient Chinese newspapers. "Mr. Yao demonstrated in detail that there was no printed newspaper in the Tang Dynasty from three aspects: the origin of the name of Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper, the book binding in the Tang Dynasty and the cost of block printing. & gt II. A Summary of News Communication in the Tang Dynasty > (1) Rich and wonderful communication activities in the Tang Dynasty > As a sign that the news history is moving from disorder to order, Di Bao is particularly noticeable among many information communication modes with the same news communication attributes, which makes researchers less involved in the research of other communication forms in the Tang Dynasty. Since 1980s, some scholars have begun to discuss this issue. Among them, Mr. Yao published two groundbreaking articles: An Investigation of News Communication Activities in Tang Dynasty and News Communication Forms in Tang Dynasty. This paper mainly introduces Lu Bu, imperial edicts, articles, North Korean newspapers, official newspapers, courtyards and historical records. , comprehensively sort out the news communication activities in the Tang Dynasty, and show its appearance and characteristics as a whole. In the book Civilization and News Communication in the Tang Dynasty, Bing Lin expanded his vision of studying the news communication modes in the Tang Dynasty to the conventional and unconventional news communication modes in the official system. He pointed out that in the Tang Dynasty, there were not only major official news dissemination methods, such as newspapers, publications, letters, beacons, bulletins, notes and personal records, but also unconventional ways, such as bamboo tube transmission, wooden goose transmission and carrier pigeon transmission. He divided the communication activities of the whole Tang Dynasty into three systems, namely official communication, scholar communication and folk communication. Take the main representatives of the three major systems as the original media, and then study the social environment and various influencing factors of news communication activities. " The integration of official officials' and literati's notes with novels, folk songs and forms highlights the life pulse of early news history. Mr. Bing Lin linked the two and observed the rich and wonderful communication prospect of the society in the Tang Dynasty, which made the study of news communication enter a broader historical field. & gt In addition, it is worth noting that in 1996, Li Yiping and Tao Diqian published On the External Communication of the Tang Dynasty, which was the first time to discuss the cross-cultural communication of the Tang Dynasty. In 2004, Liu proposed that "folk artists can tell stories through oral interpersonal communication as a way of entertainment communication. "& gt(2) Study the performance court and the performance officer from the perspective of news communication"; The court report is closely related to the court and the government. Only by accurately outlining the appearance of the producer and producer of hospital reports can we better distinguish the nature of hospital reports. & gt Mr. Qu Tuiyuan, an expert on Tang Shi, once briefly summarized the function of the hall: "All the buffer towns in the Tang Dynasty were placed in the hall of the capital, and they were responsible for presenting official documents and seeking information as hall officials. The governors of the Ming and Qing dynasties all had Tang officials in Beijing, but they left the name of the auditorium in the backyard at the beginning, mainly generals, who could go in to see the emperor and state major events, which was not as good as Tang officials. "Mr. Fang Hanqi further clarified:" (Entering the theater) not only contributes chapters and scripts to the local governors it represents, releases documents, and handles all kinds of matters that need to be contacted and negotiated with the central departments, but also understands, collects and informs all kinds of political news for the localities. "Some scholars even regard the Auditorium as a" new secretarial institution such as the three provinces, the Privy Council and the Quartet Pavilion ". They believe that the officials who entered the concert strengthened the ties between the local authorities and the central authorities by "collecting relevant information from the local authorities, the imperial court and other parts of the capital in an open or hidden way". & gt As the western proverb says, "A reporter is half a reporter and half a detective. "In contrast, the entrance personnel are not without similarities. By analogy, Bing Lin gave the player a reporter's judgment. & gt(3) The Post Office System in the Communication Network: Looking at the study of ancient post offices and post offices in China by historians and communication scholars, we can find that the spread of post offices in the Tang Dynasty was closely related to the well-developed post offices and post offices at that time. Therefore, when we study the communication activities in the Tang Dynasty in the communication ecological environment, we have to examine the postal system in the Tang Dynasty. Postal service is an organization that delivers letters. A postal kiosk is set up every once in a while, and people ride horses to deliver letters. The post station is a post station, equipped with post horses, which is specially used for the transportation and accommodation of post attendants and also receives past officials. "As early as the Warring States period, postal services appeared. In the Han Dynasty, postal kiosks were specially set up to deliver documents, and in the Tang Dynasty, water mail was added on the basis of the previous generation. " According to the Ministry of War of Six Classics of Tang Dynasty, there were Lu Yi 1297, Shui Yi 260 and Shui Yi 86 in the Kaiyuan period of Tang Dynasty. There are about 30 miles of land posts, and the interval between posts in border areas is longer. "It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, a transportation network extending in all directions with Chang 'an as the center has been formed. In addition, in order to improve the efficiency of information transmission, in the Tang Dynasty, there appeared "express newspapers, which were delivered by' flying posts', called' flying tables to play things'". > The postal system in the Tang Dynasty was controlled by the central government and was the main artery of official information circulation. As mentioned in "Ancient Post Stations and Postal Biography in China", the post stations in the Tang Dynasty were responsible for receiving past officials (including those attending concerts), picking up and dropping off Huairou ethnic minorities, calming down civil strife, chasing criminals, appeasing and escorting prisoners in disaster areas, and sometimes managing the transportation of tributes and other small items. To a certain extent, this has expanded the openness of communication channels to the society, promoted the transmission of various information between the buffer region and officials, and even the information circulation of the whole society. & gt At this point, the research context of news communication in the Tang Dynasty has been clearly presented to us. Among them, some scholars are looking for powerful material evidence for the earliest ancient newspapers in China, some scholars are trying to find out the ins and outs of historical events, some scholars have launched a questioning debate, and some scholars are galloping their wisdom and thinking on "various historical representations". Why don't we also broaden our horizons, put the study of Dibao in the Tang Dynasty in the communication ecosystem, and comprehensively examine the five elements of communication, namely the disseminator, the content, the channel, the audience and the communication effect.