Some people say that wine is a foreign culture, so it has long been listed as "foreign wine", but in fact, China is one of the centers of origin of human beings and grapes in the world, so wine should be "ancient".
From the first year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Zhang Sai introduced Eurasian grapes from the western regions to the more than 2,000 years in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the development of China wine industry and wine culture has roughly experienced the following five main stages: the beginning and development of China wine industry during the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty; Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties ―― The revival of China wine industry and the rise of wine culture: Tang Dynasty ―― splendid wine culture; Yuan Dynasty ―― the heyday of China's wine industry and wine culture; Ming Dynasty ―― the period of low-speed development of China's wine industry; the turning point of China's wine industry.
From the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the wine industry in China experienced different stages from emergence, development to prosperity. Among them, there are prosperity and low tide decline, accompanied by the splendid wine culture in China, which has been spreading continuously and has been passed down to this day. She has greatly enriched and developed Chinese national culture and has become an important part of Chinese national culture. She truly recorded and reproduced the development of grape and wine industry in China, and at the same time strongly promoted the prosperity of wine industry in China, a traditional national industry.
Archaeological findings show that the age of the press unearthed near Damascus, Syria is 6000 BC, but the research results of Chinese and American scientists on the Jiahu site in Wuyang County, Henan Province from 9000 to 7000 years ago have advanced the history of artificial brewing in the world by 3000 years. They used modern analysis methods to prove that the pottery excavated in the site contained wine.
This not only shows that people started making wine at least 9,000 years ago, but also shows that China people may be the first people to make wine in the world.
Therefore, wine has experienced a long and slow development process in China. Wine should be "local wine" in China, not "foreign wine".
Early written records of grape plants in China
Grapes were called "grapes", "Pu Tao", "grapes" and "grapes" in ancient China, and wine was also called "wine" accordingly. Besides, in ancient Chinese, "grape" can also mean "wine". Regarding the origin of the word "grape", Li Shizhen wrote in Compendium of Materia Medica: "Grapes, which are made of peaches in Han Dynasty, can make wine, and people? Then drink it. However, I am drunk, so I have a name. " "?" It means to get together for a drink. It's drunk. According to Li Shizhen, grapes are called grapes because the wine brewed from this fruit can make people drink? However, drunk, so borrow "?" With "?" Two words, called grapes.
China is one of the origin centers of grapes, and there are about 42 species (including varieties) of grapes native to China. For example, vitis amurensis distributed in Northeast China, North China and Central China, and Pueraria lobata produced in Central and South China? Vitis spinosa is widely distributed from the middle to the southwest. They are all wild grapes.
China's earliest written records about grapes can be found in The Book of Songs. "Poem Nan Zhou Polygonum": "There is Polygonum in the south, Ge? Tired; It is a blessing to be a gentleman. "
That poem, Ge? ":"Brother Mianmian? In the river. Brother and sister have separated, and the heart of the father is desolate. I don't mind calling someone else's dad. "
Poetic Style in July: "Is June depressed? In July, Hengkui and Zizania latifolia. Peel dates in August and get rice in October. To this end, spring wine is used to celebrate longevity. "
From the above three poems, we can know that in the Shang Dynasty (BC1early 7th century-about ll century BC) reflected in The Book of Songs, people already knew how to collect and eat all kinds of wild grapes.
"Li Zhou Emperor Situ" records: "The people in the field are in charge of the country's fields, but what about the fruit on the tree? Precious and unusual things have been hidden by time. " Zheng Xuan's note: "Fruit belongs to the genus Jujube and Plum. ? , the genus of melon. Yizhen, Pu Tao, belongs to this batch. " This sentence is translated into today's text: "The farmer is in charge of the garden at the entrance of the porch, planting melons, fruits, grapes, batches and other things, and storing them in time." So, in the Zhou Dynasty about 3,000 years ago, there were two grapes and vineyards in China, and people already knew how to store grapes. At that time, grapes were rare fruits in the royal orchard.
The period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty ―― the beginning of China's wine-making industry.
Grapes planted in Europe and Asia in China were brought from Dawan by Zhang Qian, a famous explorer in history, when he went to the Western Regions in the first year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (BC Huaxia Wine Newspaper: postal code 23- 189, local post office can subscribe to 138- former l 19). "Historical Records Biography of Dawan": "Peach blossoms make wine around Wan, and the wine is rich in mangoku, and it will be unbeaten for decades." "The Han ambassador (referring to Zhang Qian) was truthful, so the emperor began to plant alfalfa and peaches." While introducing grapes, it also attracted winemakers.
According to Taiping Yu Lan, during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he "went out to see all kinds of Pu Tao", which shows that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attached great importance to this matter, and grape cultivation and wine brewing reached a certain scale.
After China introduced cultivated grapes from the western regions, he first went to xinjiang, passed through Hexi Corridor in Gansu to Xi 'an in Shaanxi, and then spread to North China and Northeast China.
By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the war and the decline of national strength, grape planting and wine making were extremely difficult and wine was extremely precious. "The History of the Three Kingdoms Wei Zhi Ming Di" Pei Songzi quoted "San Fu Lu": "(Meng) gives wine, that is, he worships Liangzhou for secretariat." Meng Tuo was the father of Mengda, a new magistrate in the Three Kingdoms period, and Zhang Rang was a powerful eunuch who was good at scraping people's wealth for a while when Emperor Han Ling was in power. Meng Tuo's career was blocked, so he made friends with Zhang Rang's slaves and people around him, gave Zhang Rang welcome wine directly, bribed officials with wine, and got the post of Liangzhou secretariat. In the Han dynasty, a bottle of wine was ten buckets, and one bucket was ten liters. Now one liter is about 200 ml, so now a bottle of wine is 20 liters. In other words, Meng Tuo got 26 bottles of wine for Liangzhou Secretariat! It can be seen that the price of wine at that time was high.
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties ―― The revival of China wine industry.
By the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the consumption and production of wine had recovered and developed. From the literature at that time and the poems of literati and celebrities, we can see the wine consumption at that time.
Wei Wendi Cao Pi likes drinking, especially wine. He not only likes wine himself, but also writes his love and views on grapes and wine into letters and tells ministers. Wei Wendi wrote in a letter to this group of doctors:
"III elders know clothes, V elders know diet. This statement was taken by the old man. ..... There are many rare fruits in China, which are said to be from Pu Tao. When Zhu Xia was involved in autumn, there was still heat. When he woke up, he was drunk and ate under the quilt. Sweet but not sweet, sour but not crisp, cold but not cold, long taste and rich juice, which can quench thirst. To brew ideological wine, you are willing to bow your head and be a willing ox. The firmness of Tao has been swallowed, which is the evil of pro-food. The fruit of the other side is better than that of the horse. " "
As an emperor, in his letters to his ministers, he not only talked about eating and dressing, but also talked about his love for grapes and wine, and said that just mentioning the name of wine is enough to make people salivate, let alone taking a sip in person, which is probably unprecedented.
With Wei Wendi's advocacy and personal practice, the wine industry was restored and developed, making wine a common drink for princes and celebrities in the late Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the wine culture was rising day by day. This was reflected in many poems at that time.
Lu Ji wrote in "Drinking Music":
Pu Tao four Ji Fang alcohol, glazed thousand bells old customers.
Drinking and dancing at night will delay the sale of candles and make people wake up.
Spring breeze and autumn moon are always good, and the sun and moon are new.
Lu Ji (26 1―303) was the grandson of Lu Xun, a famous minister of Wu Dong in the Three Kingdoms period. "Pu Tao" in Drinking Music refers to wine. The poem depicts the luxurious life of the upper class at that time: drinking grapes and wine all year round, and living in a drunken dream every day. At this time, the wine was enjoyed by princes and nobles, but it was relatively easy to get, and it was by no means the price that Meng Tuo used to bribe officials when Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, otherwise no one could drink it all year round.
For more than a hundred years in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were often poems about wine sung by literati and celebrities. Yu Xin (513-581) wrote in his seven-character poem Ge Yanxing:
Pu Tao was drunk for 1000 days, and nothing happened.
Take the elixir as a few clothes, and China's watch will last for thousands of years.
Yu Xin expressed his idea in his poem: instead of drinking a glass of wine and getting drunk for a thousand days, it is better to learn from the immortal of alchemy and live forever. If you can take the elixir several times, you can enjoy immortality like a Millennium watch. In the poem, drinking is compared to taking elixir of life, which shows that wine was recognized as a healthy drink at that time.
It is worth noting that during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, when the Eurasian grapes introduced from Zhang Qian were planted, the grapes originated from China were also planted artificially, which can be reflected in the poems at that time. Cao Zhi, Cao Cao's youngest son, wrote in "Planting Ge", "Planting Ge in Shannan, Ge? Self yin. I was deeply grateful to you when I first married you. " Poetry of