There were six ministers who assisted Xia Wang in the Xia Dynasty. Sikong is the head of the Six Nobles, Hou Ji is in charge of agriculture, Si Tuleideng is the bishop, Dali is in charge of prisons, Gonggong is in charge of construction, and people are in charge of Shanze animal husbandry. In addition, the Xia Dynasty initially established institutions responsible for military affairs, agriculture and taxation. The Shang dynasty established a central organization centered on the king. The assistant minister is Yin. Here are Si Tuleideng in charge of forced labor, Sikong in charge of engineering and Scott in charge of prison. In Shang Dynasty, "the great event of the country was to worship Rong", and the theocracy played an important role in political life, so the religious affairs officer in charge of sacrifice, divination and chronicle was the most prominent at that time. The central organization of the Western Zhou Dynasty has made great progress. There are three kinds of people who assist the king of Zhou: Taishi, Taifu and Taibao. There are "three doctors" under the three fairs: Chang Bo, also known as Mu, is in charge of local civil affairs; The appointment of officials is permanent, also called appointee; The person in charge of government affairs is a prospective husband. Administrative officers are divided into two systems: Qingshiliang and Taishiliao. In the Qing Dynasty, Liao had three officials, Situ, Sima and Li, who were in charge of farming, conscription and construction respectively. Taishiliao is the administrative department in charge of calendar, sacrifice, divination and cultural education. Compared with Shang Dynasty, the status of religious officials in Western Zhou Dynasty declined.
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a period of social change. With the advancement of feudalism, important changes have taken place in the government institutions of various vassal States. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the main consuls who assisted the monarch and handled government affairs appeared one after another in various countries. Qin is called Shangqing, Yaqing and Dashuchang, Chu is called Lingyin, and Qi, Jin, Lu and Zheng are called Xiang. Although countries have different names, their status and positions are equivalent to the later "phase". The central institutions are improving day by day. Qi, Lu, Zheng, Chu and other countries have inherited the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Si Tuleideng, Sima and Sikou are still the chief executives of the government. Other important officials are: Sidian in charge of land tax, Sidian in charge of finance, Sidian in charge of mountain ze and hunting, etc. With the increase of contacts between vassal States, countries set up pedestrians to take the lead in diplomacy. The historian Tai Shigong has an important position, and his duty is to "remember the major events and write the alliance first". At the beginning of the Warring States, with the progress of political reform movements in various countries, the establishment of feudal autocratic centralized regime became an important feature of the central official system at this time. The prime minister and the prime minister of "the head of a hundred officials" have become the official positions generally set up in various countries. Due to historical and traditional reasons, the official system of various countries is still not unified. Great changes have taken place in the state of Qi, and the following five senses have been set: Datian, Daxing, Dajian, Dali and Fu. Chu is a department of its own, with Ling Yin as the highest official of the central government and Shang Zhuguo, Fu and General as senior government officers. Along the Sanjin, Qin took the advantages of other eastern countries and formed a unique official system, which was inherited by the Han Dynasty and became the basic framework of the central official system in the early feudal society.
The central official system in feudal society In 22/KLOC-0 BC, Qin Shihuang unified China and established an autocratic feudal empire. From then on to the Opium War of 1840, in the feudal society of more than 2,000 years, the development and evolution of the central official system roughly went through three stages.
Central official system in Qin and Han Dynasties
Qin and Han dynasties established the system of "three public officials and nine ministers" centered on the emperor. The three fairs are prime ministers, imperial envoys and Qiu, who are in charge of administration, supervision and military affairs. Jiuqing is the head of various departments of the central government: Feng Chang is the head of Jiuqing, in charge of ancestral temple etiquette and cultural education; The doctor in charge of the guard at the palace gate is Suwei's attendant; Wei Wei is the palace guard officer; Servants are in charge of the emperor's chariots and horses, and also in charge of the national horse administration; Ting Wei is the highest judicial officer of the central government; Dianke is in charge of ethnic affairs and employment; Zong Zheng specializes in royal affairs; The duty of treating the internal history of millet is to collect salt, iron, money, grain rent tax and national financial revenue and expenditure; Shaofu is in charge of the tax revenue of Shanhai pond and the handicraft manufacturing of the government, which is supplied to the royal family. In addition to Jiuqing, there are squadron leaders in charge of public security in Beijing, and civil builders in charge of palaces, ancestral temples and tombs. He will serve as Shaofu and Dachangqiu, responsible for publicizing the will of the Queen and managing court affairs. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, except Wei, Ting Wei and Shi were in charge of government administrative affairs, the functions of other ministers were mainly to serve the emperor and the court. It is one of the characteristics of the central official system in Qin and Han dynasties that state affairs are not separated from the monarch's family affairs, and government affairs are mixed with state affairs.
In order to strengthen the imperial power, weaken the power of the prime minister and establish the system of China and North Korea, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty chose a group of lower-ranking court officials to participate in the political affairs. Among them, Shangshu, who once belonged to Shaofu and was in charge of documents for the emperor, and some court officials have greatly improved their status. Government affairs of the imperial court are often discussed with officials of the imperial court, such as Shangshu, Shizhong and General, and then the officials of "foreign dynasties" headed by the Prime Minister are informed. The actual role of foreign officials has been stripped, their status has declined, and China officials have been reused. The establishment of China-Korea system is not only the product of the contradiction between imperial power and relative power, but also the result of the expansion of imperial officials' power. After the Han Dynasty proclaimed itself emperor, the powers of Fu (renamed Tai Wei when Emperor Wu was emperor), Da (renamed the physician when Emperor Wu was emperor) and Prime Minister (renamed Da Situ when he mourned the emperor) were further weakened. The power of Shangshu was expanded, and Shangshu was appointed as the director, with five Cao's. The power of fashion books in the Eastern Han Dynasty was further expanded, and the Shangshu organization was called Taiwan, with 6 ministers/kloc-0, who were in charge of 2000 officials of the three public offices, officials, people, guests and stone officials, and 6 Cao Cao, the middle overseers, which divided or replaced some of the functions and powers of Jiuqing. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the central government affairs were gradually transferred from Sangong to three provinces, and the administrative affairs were gradually transferred from Jiuqing to six ministries.
Central official system in Tang and Song Dynasties
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, autocratic centralization became more and more complete, and a system of three provinces and six departments with the emperor as the center was established. "In the third year of the Tang Dynasty, the provinces merged, and the master of the Chinese book gave an order, and the door owner blocked it, and the master of the Chinese book followed it." The governors of the three provinces have the post of prime minister, forming a mechanism of clear division of labor and mutual restraint among the three provinces. This is an important change in the administrative system. Shangshu province is the center of the central administration, which consists of six departments and twenty-four departments. Shangshu adopts the joint office system. Dutang lives in the center of the province and is the center of government activities. The governor of Shangshu Province, the left and right servants, and the left and right Cheng all work here, and there are left and right divisions, which are divided into six departments. The six departments evolved from six Cao Cao departments, headed by the official department, which is in charge of administrative affairs such as selecting and awarding officials, honors and examinations, and has four departments under its jurisdiction: the official department, the secretary-general, the secretary-general and the clerk. The Ministry of Housing is responsible for population, land, currency and taxation, and has four divisions: the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Warehouse. The ritual department is in charge of etiquette, sacrifice and tribute, and consists of four divisions: ritual department, ancestral department, catering department and host and guest; The Ministry of War is in charge of selecting soldiers, maps, chariots, war horses and armor, and has four divisions: the Ministry of War, the staff side, the driving department and the treasurer department. The criminal department is in charge of laws and regulations, criminal law, exile and the policy of restoring bans, and has four divisions: the criminal department, the official department, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Ministry of Industry is in charge of Shanze, wasteland reclamation, construction and craftsmen, and has four divisions: Ministry of Industry, wasteland reclamation, security department and water department. Compared with the nine ministers in Qin and Han Dynasties, the six ministers formed in Sui and Tang Dynasties were a great progress in terms of name, authority and organizational system. In addition to the six departments, there are nine halls and five prisons, which evolved from the Qin and Han Dynasties. Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, Cao Liu has replaced some of Jiuqing's functions and powers. Jiuqing's name has been preserved, but his duties have changed greatly. The Northern and Southern Dynasties changed its name to Dian, and the chief official and adjutant were called Qing He respectively. Among the nine halls, the Taichang Hall is only responsible for sacrifice and etiquette, and the imperial examination belongs to the ritual department; Guanglu Temple, originally guarded by the imperial palace (evolved from doctors), specializes in wine, gifts and meals; Weiwei Temple specializes in weapons and etiquette tents, not guards; Taibu Temple is in charge of the administration of generals and horses, regardless of the emperor's chariots and horses; Ting Wei was renamed Dali Temple, in charge of interrogation and supervision, and the judicial administration was returned to the Ministry of Punishment; Crack temple sponsored etiquette, and foreign dynasties hired etiquette department; Sinong Temple manages warehousing, and the tax revenue belongs to the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development; The responsibilities of Zongzheng Temple have not changed; Taifu Temple is a newly-built temple in charge of the collection of gold and silver wires. The five supervisors are imperial academy, Shaofu, General, Military and Water Supervisors, who are in charge of school education, handicraft manufacturing of the state and the court, the construction of palaces, city corridors and government offices. Nine halls and five prisons are formally independent, but in fact they are offices that cooperate with six departments.
Before and after Zongshen Yuanfeng, the central institutions in the Song Dynasty were very different. There were three provinces and six departments before Yuanfeng, but they existed in name only. Taking "discussing peace under the same book" as the real prime minister, taking politics as the deputy minister and always taking administration; In addition, the Privy Council was established to take charge of the military, and the three departments, namely, the Transportation Department, the Iron and Salt Department and the Expenditure Department, were in charge of the finance, resulting in the separation of administrative, military and financial powers, and the power of the Prime Minister was greatly weakened. The powers of the six ministries have also been eroded by the increasing number of institutions. Such as the official department, the ownership of the examiner's East Hospital, the Imperial Palace, the examiner's West Hospital and the third-class hospital; Ministry of housing, belonging to the third division; Does belong to the courtyard of etiquette; Ministry of war, the power belongs to the Privy Council; The Ministry of Punishment, subordinate to the trial court, picketed the Beijing Criminal Prison Department; Ministry of industry, the third division of the right to build a case. There is a similar situation in the power transfer of some temples and prisons in the nine halls and five prisons. In five years (1082), Zongshen Yuanfeng carried out the reform of the central official system, abolished the three departments and all miscellaneous departments, and basically returned to the pattern of three provinces and six departments in the Tang Dynasty. Different from the Tang Dynasty, Shang Shu shot the left servant and assistant minister under the door as assistant ministers, while Shang Shu shot the right servant and assistant minister in the middle book as assistant ministers in the middle book, which was the position of prime minister (later renamed as left and right prime ministers). In addition, the position of Privy Council was retained. The central administrative system of the Yuan Dynasty changed the three provinces of Tang and Song Dynasties into one province-Zhongshu Province, which is the highest administrative organ and consists of six departments.
Central official system in Ming and Qing dynasties
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the autocratic centralization of feudal monarchies in China developed to the extreme. Zhu Yuanzhang made a major adjustment to the central official system in the early Ming Dynasty. First of all, the prime minister system since Qin and Han Dynasties was abolished as a cabinet system for consulting and handling daily affairs. In terms of supervision, Yushitai was changed to Duchayuan since the Han Dynasty; Militarily, the commander-in-chief was changed to the commander-in-chief of the fifth army Improve the status of the six departments, report directly to the emperor, and establish a huge eunuch institution and factory health secret service organization under its control. Among them, the abolition of the prime minister and the formation of the cabinet are the main contents of the government system adjustment. The Cabinet is composed of bachelor of imperial academy, which is divided into first assistant, second assistant and group assistant. Its main duty is to "draft the ticket", that is, to draft the imperial edict on behalf of others and reply to the memorial. After Yongle, the bachelor of cabinet gradually participated in politics, not only as a consultant, but also as a real power. Subsequently, the cabinet was changed from the emperor's advisory secretary in the early Ming Dynasty to the national administrative center.
The Qing dynasty, established by Manchu nobles, was originally discussed by the meeting of the Eight Banners and the ministers. During the Yongzheng period, the northwest used soldiers frequently. In order to discuss military affairs in time, a quartermaster room was set up, which was later renamed as "Handling Military Affairs Department" or simply Military Affairs Department. At first, it was a temporary organization. Later, it not only replaced the King's Council, but also expanded its power. It became the central auxiliary political department that handled the national military and political affairs under the direct control of the emperor. Its characteristics are: high efficiency, high speed and confidentiality. The functions and powers of the six ministries in Qing dynasty were reduced, and they were no longer administrative centers, so they could not directly issue government decrees. In the Qing Dynasty, only Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taibu Temple and Split Temple were left as temple supervisors. The ancestral hall is above the six departments. Only imperial academy was left in the five prisons, and the other four prisons were merged into the Ministry of Industry. After the Opium War, in order to adapt to the invasion of foreign powers and maintain the feudal regime, the Qing court carried out official system reform and institutional adjustment.
In addition, the grades of the Qing Dynasty were as follows:
The grades and responsibilities of civil servants are as follows:
The Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the rank of officials. Officials at that time were divided into nine categories, each of which included positive and negative.
The so-called nine grades and eighteen grades. Those that cannot be classified into nine categories are called non-inflow. The list is as follows:
Rank official position
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Zheng Yipin, Taishi, Taibao, college student.
From Yipin Shao Shi, Shaofu, Shaobao, Taizi Taishi, Taizi Taifu, Taizi Taibao, ministers and governors of various ministries and institutes.
The court is surrounded by censors.
Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu, Prince Shaobao, provincial governors, and assistant ministers from all ministries and hospitals.
From the second class, provincial governors, bachelor of cabinet, director of the academician courtyard, and provincial envoys.
The left and right deputies of Zhengsanpin Duchayuan are officials, general political envoys, Dali temple officials, exhibition rooms, exhibition rooms and Taichang temple officials.
Shuntian magistrate, Fengtian magistrate, provincial judge.
From Sanpin Guanglu Temple Secretary, Taipu Temple Secretary, salt transporters from all provinces.
Zheng Siping, Deputy Special Envoy of the General Political Department, Shao Qing of Dali Temple, Shao Zhan, Master Zhan, Shao Qing of Taichang Temple, Xiaoqing of Honglin Temple,
Shao Qing of Taifu Temple is a member of all provinces.
He received his bachelor's degree from Sipin Hanlin Academy, awarded his bachelor's degree from imperial academy and his bachelor's degree from The Cabinetshi Read, and served as a provincial judge.
On the left and right are the illegitimate children of Wupin Chunfang, Guanglu Temple, Qin Zheng, six subjects and things, and all departments are merged into the hospital.
Langzhong, the governments know each other, and Zhili knows the state.
From the five products of crack hon temple, the monitoring platform, the academician courtyard, the lectures, the outside lang, each.
The province knows the state.
Imperial academy is the sixth division, The Cabinetshi Read left, Zhongyun right, the first division, and the Beijing government passed the sentence, Beijing.
County magistrate, the provinces pass sentence.
"Praise of the Spring Room around Liu Pin" compiled by the Hanlin Academy is correct by the Guanglu Temple Department, with the same state.
Zheng Qipin Hanlin Academy, seven-needle nib of ministries and colleges, professor of Shuntianfu studies, discipline, Jing Xiancheng, foreign studies.
County magistrate, the government teaches.
From the review of Qipin Hanlin Academy, Zhongshu Division Zhongshu, Cabinet Zhongshu, Dr. imperial academy, Zhilifu Review, and State Review.
Dr. Zheng Bapintai Hospital, eight top hospitals of ministries and commissions, experience of foreign governments, foreign counties, Zheng Xue, Zhengzhou, county education.
imperial edict
From imperial academy Dian Bapin, Zheng, Zhou and County.
Nine-pin nib, suitable for all ministries and hospitals, county main book.
From the Jiupin Hanlin Academy, under the imperial edict, the Ministry of Justice and state officials were inspected.
Officials from other counties did not flow into Beijing, and Cheng Yi was also an official berth.
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The ranks and positions of military attaché s are as follows:
Rank official position
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Zheng Yipinling, the minister in the bodyguard.
From yipin general, governor, prefect
Deputy commander Zheng erpin, company commander
Captain cong erpin
Zheng San pin Shen Jiang
Dogmatic guerrilla
Zheng si pin du si
Congsipin city gate
Zheng Wu pin shou Bei
Five-product garrison money manager
There are thousands of products and thousands of businesses.
Defend chief Qian from six products.
Eight cases of Zheng Qipin
Beijing qipin Shengjing nomadic deputy captain
Zhengbapin outsourcing qianzong
From the Eighth Committee to the Seventh Committee.
Authentic outsourcing bazong
Extra outsourcing of nine products
Military attaché s are all inflow.
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Official title:
While watching TV or reading newspapers, some netizens may be confused by the names of some officials.
Ok, let's introduce some nicknames of officials.
Central official part
Official title
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College student square
Nakazawa Tomohide official department Shangshu Tianguan
Li is not on Shu Da Zongbo.
Grand Si Tuleideng, Minister of Finance, Senior Sinon.
Xing bu Shang Shu Da si kou
Ministry of war shangshufu
Shang Shu of the Ministry of Industry, a great scholar.
Left Du Yu Ten Vertical Line
Deputy minister of the right-wing capital
General Political Envoy Yintai
Imperial envoys, my Lord.
Langzhong, Yuanwailang, Langguan
be responsible for
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Local official part
Official title
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The Governor-General controls the army, Taiwan Province, the Constitution, the Constitution of the capital and ministries.
Governor Zhong Cheng, Jun Fu, Fu Tai, Fu Yuan, Fu Xian and Bu Yuan.
Study politics, study constitution.
Minister Fan Tai, Fang Bo and Dong Si
Judge (Nie), Taiwan, and Xi Si
The court magistrate satrap, five horses.
Understand the situation of animal husbandry, Secretariat
Magistrate's order
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Military attache part
Official title
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Close the military gate and raise the platform.
Lianchangde town
The assistant general assisted Zhentai.