-Historical background-

The historical origin of Korea

As a historical drama, Dae Jang Geum involves a lot of historical knowledge of North Korea, so it is naturally interesting for me to review and learn from North Korea's past.

According to historical records, ancient Koreans were called "Dongyi", which means archers in the East. They are distributed in the northeast, east coast, north of Yangtze River and Korean Peninsula of China. There is a myth circulating among Dongyi people. It is said that the founder of the country, Dangong, was born to his father who fell from the sky and a tribal woman who took a bear as a totem. It is said that he began to rule in 2233 BC, and his descendants have been in power for more than 1000 years in Korea, a country with quiet dawn.

After experiencing the bronze and iron civilization, Korea gradually entered the Three Kingdoms era with Silla, Koguryo and Baekje as the main bodies after the first century. In the 7th century, Silla defeated Baekje and Koguryo with the help of the Tang Dynasty in China, and became a single country with most of the territory of the Korean Peninsula and most of the people of the former three countries. After Koguryo's demise, former Koguryo general Da Zuo Rong formed an army of Koguryo and Luo Ren. They finally settled down near Jilin and established the Bohai Kingdom. Dazuo Rong was later named the king of Bohai County by the Tang Dynasty. The Bohai Sea calls itself the successor country of Koguryo, and sometimes it calls itself the country of Korea. With the intensification of internal and external contradictions, the unified Silla Kingdom has come to an end. At the beginning of the tenth century, Wang Jian established the Kingdom of Korea (the name of Korea comes from Koguryo). Almost at the same time, the Khitan conquered the Bohai Sea, and the rest of the Bohai Sea countries went south to join the Koryo country, which was later replaced by Silla.

/kloc-At the end of 0/4, in a series of battles against Japanese invaders, a North Korean general stood out-Li Chenggui, the founder of Lee's Korean kingdom. After Li Chenggui seized political and military power, he and his followers seized economic power by resolutely implementing land reform. In A.D. 1392, King Gong was forced to abdicate and his followers became kings, thus ending the rule of the Wang family and changing its name to Koryo. Lee ruled Korea for 5 18 years, which lasted for 26 days and was handed down from generation to generation for 32 years (respecting four and abolishing two). 19 10 was annexed by Japan. The territory of Lee's Korea is roughly equivalent to the sum of North Korea and South Korea today, and the Yalu River and Tumen River are bounded by China in the north. The capital of the dynasty was first opened in Beijing (now Kaesong), the old capital of the Koryo dynasty, and Hanyang (now Seoul) was established in 1395. 1398 After the first prince rose up, he moved to Beijing again. 1400 After the second prince rose up, Hanyang finally became the capital.

The story of Jiangjin took place during the Lee's Korean period from the end of15th century to the first half of16th century. To follow the footsteps of constant progress, we must first make a general textual research on her time:

The original plot of Da Jang Geum began at 1482 (in the 13th year of Li Chengzong and the 17th year of Ming Xianzong Chenghua). This year, Chang Jin's father, as an internal security guard, was ordered to participate in the killing of Princess Yin Shi abandoned by Chengzong, and he was caught in a complicated political struggle.

Fourteen years later, in 1496 (two years after Yan Yan was a good gentleman in the Li Dynasty and eight years after Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty), the Xiuyue Pavilion (the statement of "Imperial Restaurant" in the palace seems to be inaccurate, so it was translated from now on), the maid-in-waiting Park Mingji narrowly escaped death, and her father who had given up her job for many years was often rescued, and they got married.

1504 (the 10th year of Yan Shanjun in the Li Dynasty and the 16th year of Hongzhi in the Ming Emperor Xiaozong), Yan Shanjun suppressed and purged the literati on a large scale for the second time, eliminating the restriction of historians, admonishers and ministers of state in exercising their power, which is known as "the curse of scholars" in history. That is, in this year, Yan Shanjun searched around for relevant personnel involved in the killing of his biological mother Yin, and his father was arrested. Mingji took Chang Jin to Hanyang to try to rescue him, but once again he met Cui Shanggong, the sworn enemy of the two generations, and finally failed to escape from the Cui Shi family. My father's life and death are uncertain, and my mother died to protect Jiangjin. Jiangjin, a young family, became an orphan.

In A.D. 1506 (the first year of Li Zhongzong and the first year of Ming Dynasty), Yan Shanjun was deposed and exiled to Qiaotong. At that time, Li Zhou, the eldest son of Emperor Chengzong of Jincheng, the younger brother of Yan Shanjun and the 11th emperor of the Li Dynasty, acceded to the throne. Changjin entered the palace in the same year. It is suggested in the play that Jang Jin was eight years old when he entered the palace. It can be inferred that Chang Jin was born in 1498, and the main experience of Chang Jin in the play runs through the thirty-eight years of Zhongzong.

Tracing the origin of China-DPRK relations

The relationship between North Korea and China can be traced back to ancient times. The earliest record should be the story that Ji Zi, one of the "three sages in the late Yin Dynasty" named by Confucius, was sealed in North Korea. In China, the story of "Jizi Korea" was recorded in the history books because of its connection with the Western Zhou Dynasty, and these history books were selected as Confucian classics after Confucius. In North Korea and South Korea, The History of the Three Kingdoms, which recorded the contents of Jizi's North Korea, was compiled after 1 1 century, and it should be recorded by Confucianism in China. This historical book can be proved to be a history of faith through many textual research such as chemistry.

The history of ancient Korea and China are intertwined and inseparable. In the meantime, although the territory and regime changed frequently, they always maintained close relations with China. The Korean peninsula in ancient and modern history is deeply influenced by Korean culture in etiquette, political system, economy, science and technology, art and customs. Since the Silla and Koryo Dynasties, "although living on the same island, they have been influenced by the new moon and followed Confucianism, with the same music, law and test." They are proud to be able to recite chapters and sentences from China's classical literature or recite China's poems. 1392, with the help of the Ming Dynasty, Li Chenggui seized power and became a vassal of the Ming Dynasty. Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty appointed "Korea" as the title of the Lee regime, which was the beginning of "Korea" as the title. It is clear that North Korea is a country that will never be conquered. North Korea regards Ming as the eternal father country and China. Taking the year after the Ming Dynasty as the date, Ming and North Korea officially took the Yalu River as the boundary, and there has been no big change in 700 years. Li Chenggui formulated the national policy of establishing harmonious and friendly diplomatic relations with the Ming Dynasty, actively introduced Korean culture, and worked hard to develop good-neighborly and friendly relations between the DPRK and China, thus creating the most intimate era in the history of bilateral relations. From A.D. 1400 to 14 18, Li Fangyuan, the third ruler of the Li Dynasty, was the first korean king officially conferred by the Ming Dynasty. Lee's Korea was founded on the basis of neo-Confucianism, and Li Chenggui put the establishment of Confucian system in the first place to create a Confucian country. Xu Zeng, a famous minister in the Li Dynasty, once wrote a poem: "If Ming Taizu asks about the three Koreas, the cultural relics are dressed in the same clothes as the country", while the customs in North Korea are similar to those in China, "believing in loyalty" and "knowing how to dress is like a country".

The profound influence of Chinese civilization on North Korea can be said to be everywhere in the play Daejang Geum:

First of all, what makes us feel more cordial is that a large number of Chinese characters are often written in the play, which frequently appear in painting and calligraphy banners, ministerial badges and letters in the hall. Not only are the glyphs exactly the same as those we use, but even the meanings of the words are exactly the same. Almost all books on history, law, literature, art and science in ancient Korea were recorded in Chinese characters. Xue Cong, who lived in the time of King Shen Wen of Silla, invented the ancient Korean character "Du Li", which is a method of marking Chinese characters with Silla pronunciation and explaining Chinese characters in Silla language. The establishment of official reading led to the emergence of Korean scholars who can interpret China's Nine Classics. In A.D. 1443, Li Shizong, the king of Korea, ordered the bachelor of Jixian Hall to establish a Korean phonograph, which consisted of 1 1 vowels and 14 consonants. When this kind of writing was promulgated in 1446, it was called "training people in Andrew". However, Confucian scholars strongly objected to this, arguing that Han Xin would hinder the study of Confucianism, and the ruling class was limited to using Chinese characters. Women and children use pinyin, and articles written in pinyin are called "proverbs" and are discriminated against. The official written language is still Chinese, just as Latin is used to write its own language. It created Ode to Dragonflies, which was established by Akula Dynasty and written in both Korean and Chinese languages, and translated the book Detailed Music (a fragment of Buddha's life) into Korean, laying a foundation for the practical use of Korean characters. The promulgation of "Training Andrew" has not obviously weakened the position of Chinese characters in Korean culture. Until modern times, North Korea was a country that mainly used Chinese characters. Not only official documents, but also words in daily life. North Korea's ruling class and both classes write letters and create works in Chinese characters, and North Korea's journalists sent to Japan choose officials with high attainments in Chinese as their posts. They talked with Japanese Confucians and monks in Chinese characters and improvised China's poems.

The main plots of Dae Jang Geum were basically developed in Hanyang (now Seoul), the capital of the Li Dynasty. The name "Hanyang" is entirely the result of learning from China: Gu Liang Biography, one of the three biographies of Spring and Autumn Annals, recorded in the twenty-eighth year of Gong: "The north water is Yang, and the south mountain is Yang". Seoul is located in the south of the North Han Mountain and north of the Han River. Being in a place of mountains and rivers, it is naturally named "Hanyang". In terms of geographical names, the establishment, naming and taboo of North Korea's administrative divisions are completely in line with China's practice, and even set up "five mountains and four towns" following China's example.

A medical woman's career has a great influence on Changjin and has become her lifelong career. There are many descriptions of medicine and pharmacy in the play. Through this drama, it is not difficult to find that the medicine in ancient Korea almost entirely came from the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. The famous medical books compiled by the court and the people in Li Dynasty, such as Introduction to China Medicine, Comprehensive Prescription of Rural Medicine, Oriental Medical Collection and Collection of Medical Formulas, were all studied and summarized under the guidance of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. At the beginning of this year, I often studied medicine, that is, I started with the four diagnoses of "looking, smelling, asking and cutting". Acupuncture also played an extremely important role in the diagnosis and treatment at that time. In the play, Zhongzong was ill, and his symptoms were similar to typhoid fever, so many people in the hospital could not be diagnosed. At this time, the main medical book relied on was Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases, which was rare in North Korea at that time. This shows the influence of traditional Chinese medicine on Korean medicine.

Dai Zhou came to the palace with a difficult problem in the first exam that is crucial for the future after Changjin entered the palace. Whether the answer is correct or not directly affects whether Changjin can become an official maid of honor. When I first heard this question, I was both surprised and happy. The problem of Dai Zhou's entering the palace is that in the 23rd year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang marched into Hanzhong, but Cao Cao was defeated repeatedly, and the defeat retreated to the oblique valley. The sergeant asked for the password at night. What is the password given by Cao Cao? Chang Jin, who is only eight years old, not only answered the password correctly, but also explained Cao Cao's intention of adopting this password. The so-called "chicken ribs" do exist in the appendices of Yang Biao and Yang Xiu in The History of the Three Kingdoms and Yang Zhenchuan, with slightly different meanings. Chen Shou's "History of the Three Kingdoms" contains: In the Spring and Autumn Period, Kyushu said: You want to return it, and the next order is "chicken ribs". Hundreds of officials don't know what it means. Yang Xiu, the main book, pretended to be strict, and people were frightened and asked, "How do you know?" Xiu said, "It's a pity to throw away your husband's chicken ribs, but you won't get anything if you eat them." Compared with Hanzhong, we can know that the king wants to pay them back. " The full text of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty is as follows: studious and talented. He is Cao Cao's main book and prime minister, and works for Cao Shi. And Cao Cao, since Pinghanzhong, wants Liu Bei, so he can't enter, and it's hard to keep. The guards don't know what to do. Cao Cao then taught him, saying, "Chicken ribs". Outside Neng School, the student said, "If you eat chicken ribs, you will get nothing. It would be a pity if you abandoned them. " Just to make the outside world stricter, Cao Cao is here to return Li. China's allusions from the Three Kingdoms period were used more than once in the play. Through this play, we can also find that due to the far-reaching influence of Korean culture, Zhuge Liang was respected as the embodiment of wisdom in ancient China.

In the examination of becoming a medical woman in "Underwear Light" and entering the palace again, the examiner often gave a new question in order to test the knowledge of medical women in depth: Mencius met Liang for the first time and they answered each other. Chang Jin knows this. The classic "Mencius on": Mencius meets the king. The king said, "You have come a long way, but will it benefit our country?" Mencius said to him, "Wang! Why is it profitable? And benevolence and righteousness. The king said,' Why is it good for our country?' The doctor said,' Why is it good for my family?' Tu Shu Ren said,' Why is it good for me?' It is dangerous for the state to pay taxes from top to bottom. The country of a thousand riders, the country that kills the monarch, must be the home of a thousand riders; A country that rides a thousand times will kill its king, and a home that rides a hundred times. It's not too much to walk a thousand roads and a hundred roads. Righteousness before righteousness, profit first, and embarrassment if you don't take it. Those who leave their relatives without benevolence and righteousness, and those who leave their husbands without benevolence and righteousness. Wang also said that it was only benevolence and righteousness. Why should he say profit? The main purpose of this paper is to expose the harm of utilitarianism and persuade politicians to govern the country with benevolence and righteousness. This allusion also shows that Li Han was deeply influenced by Confucianism in China and regarded Confucianism as the fundamental idea of governing the country.

It can be said that South Korea (China) is a country deeply influenced by Korean culture, which has an independent history of national development and evolution and retains unique national culture, customs, traditions and national characteristics.

Historical facts and etiquette of today's times

Dae Jang Geum is a historical figure recorded in A Record of the Korean Dynasty and A Record of Zhongzong. If we carefully look at the title of Da Jang Geum, we can find that the background picture used is the part about Da Jang Geum in A Record of Chinese School.

A Record of the Korean Dynasty is a chronicle of 472 years (1392- 1863) of the 25th generation from the ancestor of the Korean Dynasty, with a total of 888 volumes *** 1893. This is the oldest and largest history book in North Korea. This book covers the politics, diplomacy, military affairs, system, law, economy, industry, transportation, communication, society, customs, fine arts, crafts, religion and other aspects of the Korean era, and is a rare and precious historical material in the world. Its significance also lies in recording the authenticity and credibility of history. From the drafting of basic materials to the actual compilation and publication of a Record of the Korean Dynasty, all the work is undertaken by the historian of the Spring and Autumn Annals, and the independent position of this official and the confidentiality of narrative content are guaranteed by the system. After the next king ascended the throne, the Memoirs Hall was opened for historians to compile. Even the king can't read it at will to ensure the authenticity and credibility of the memoirs. After the record is compiled, it will be distributed to historical libraries set up all over the country for preservation. In the case of Renchen Ri-Ri Rebellion and Bingzi Rebellion, both were burned. Whenever this happens, they will be re-released or fixed. Until the beginning of the 20th century, 1 set was recorded in four historical treasure houses: Dingzu Mountain, Taibai Mountain, Chishang Mountain and Wutai Mountain. The records of the Korean dynasty have been handed down to this day: Yamamoto Dingzu11book, Taibai Mountain 848, Wutai Mountain 27, and other scattered books 2 1 book, * * 2077. These surviving copies were designated as national treasures. 15 1, and was registered as a world record heritage by UNESCO in 10. The significance of A Record of the Korean Dynasty as a world record heritage lies in: firstly, it records the 472-year history of the 25th king of the Korean Dynasty, which is the longest history as a dynasty in the world; Secondly, the content is extremely rich; Third, it has many contents and can be called an encyclopedia; Fourth, it has high authenticity and credibility; Fifthly, movable type printing embodies the tradition and technical level of Korean printing culture. Finally, A Record of the Korean Dynasty is also an important basic material for studying the history and relationship history of China, Japan, Mongolia, Okinawa and other East Asian countries and regions.

In the process of reading "Da Jang Geum", there is another problem that bothers me very much: Zhongzong is in power, from the formulation and implementation of policies to the appointment and dismissal of officials, and even to the appointment of attending medical officers, who are in charge of the government affairs and housework of the harem, and are restrained by powerful ministers everywhere. In recent episodes, this trend has become more and more serious, and the exhortation of ministers is almost the same as coercion. As far as China's monarchical power is concerned, it is hard to forgive this "disrespectful" offense. There were many stories of ministers, concubines and eunuchs in ancient China, but under the highly centralized system of Ming and Qing Dynasties, this situation became less and less common. In particular, Zhongzong Yingrui is decisive and can be described as knowing the Lord, but it is also reasonable to tolerate liegeman.

Examining Lee's Korean history, although the political structure followed China's centralization of authority, it has its distinctive features: since the founding of Li Chenggui, people have realized that civil and military bureaucrats, commonly known as "two classes", have the right to interfere in the administration and decision-making of the monarch. According to the teachings of Confucianism, the duty of state administrative agencies is to carry out the will of the monarch, because benevolent governance conforms to the vested interests of the monarch, and the monarch must listen to the advice of Confucian scholars. In this regard, the most important thing is to make recommendations to the court and discuss the government. Cheng Chengyuan submitted an admonition to the king and had the right to approve and correct the appointment of officials by the king and other laws related to innovation. The task of court officials is to record the daily events in court and record the king's conversation word for word. They were given the power to criticize and supervise the king.

Because the North Korean monarch was under the unrestrained pressure of two classes, some people came out to defend the attempt to improve the status of the monarch. Liang Chengzhi, a gifted scholar in the Sejong era, repeatedly neglected to safeguard the power of the monarch. Liang Chengzhi emphasized the unique position of North Korea and tried to maintain the necessity of its inherent tradition. According to him, Dangong is the "ruler". His argument is that North Korea, like China, is a country endowed with destiny. This argument strengthens the position of ancestors who tried to strengthen the monarchy. Sai-jo (the first Yang Guohao, reigned at 1455- 1468) closed the Jixian Hall, abolished some posts in Chengcheng Academy, and paralyzed Sijian Academy (). All these measures are aimed at weakening the control of monarchy ideologically. Even so, Lee has been in Korea for more than 500 years, including a generation of wise master Sejong (14 18- 1450), and he is famous for his mastery of Confucianism. In addition to preaching Confucian values, he also showed that he could cope with two types of scholars. During the reign of/kloc-in the mid-5th century, he showed progressive thoughts in national management, phonetics, national character, economics, science, music, medicine and humanities research. ) and sai-jo, none of the kings of past dynasties was strong enough to contradict two kinds of courtiers. Yan Shanjun was directly deposed and exiled for confronting two classes.

Zhongzong ascended the throne because of the support of courtiers who deposed Yan Shanjun, and the important task of restoring Confucian rule and maintaining the authority of Guo Jing ceremony fell on Zhongzong. At the same time, according to the tradition of the Li Dynasty, only after the young king is regent by the princess can he personally handle government affairs, which is called "listening to politics behind the scenes". Emperor Chengzong, Emperor Mingzong, Tang Xianzong and others have all fallen behind the scenes. In addition, Park Jingmin in the Zhongzong period and Zhang Xipin in the Suzong period both used their influence to interfere in state affairs. With women in power, it is the rise of consorts. In this political environment, the monarch of the Li dynasty will inevitably be restricted by various kingship.

Because I don't know anything about Korean characters, it is difficult to verify whether the translation of names and places I saw in the film is accurate. Only the word "Dae Jang Geum" can be sure to be correct, because these three words appear in the title of each episode. However, we can also make a simple investigation of various appellations that frequently appear in the court:

As the Li Dynasty was a vassal state of China, before the independence of 1896, the appellation strictly followed the Chinese etiquette system and never exceeded it.

The monarch of North Korea is called the king, addressed as "Your Highness" or "Your Highness", and calls himself "I". Calling the king "emperor" or "your majesty" or calling yourself "I" in translation is all a fabrication;

The king's wife is equivalent to the queen of China, but she is called the princess, and is honored as "the middle palace" or "the queen of the middle temple". It is also wrong to translate it into "Queen". In Dae Jang Geum, the fat woman Pingyin in Wang Wenzheng during the reign of Emperor Zhongzong appeared. Under the princess, there are wives, concubines, Shu Yuan, Rong Shu, nobles and other grades. In the play, Lian Sheng was posthumously named Shu Yuan;

The heir to the throne (usually the eldest son of the king) is called the prince, and he is respectfully called "under the door" or "under the door of the prince", and all the sons of the king are called "the king";

Wang Shizi's wife is called "Wang Shizi's wife" and is honored as "the queen of the palace".

Today, Wang's mother is called "Wang Feida"; The wife of the second king was called "big princess the Great King".

According to the above criteria, it is not difficult for us to find out some common-sense mistakes in translation.

The official positions of the Li Dynasty were modeled after those of China, and they were divided into nine categories, from positive to subordinate, * * * meter 18. Among them, Zhengsanpin is divided into Zhengsanpin Hall and Zhengsanpin Hall. Is a product to is a product of the hall, known as the hall Shangguan. Zhengsanpintang goes down to Zhengqipintang, which is called Xiaguan or Shangguan. The following seven items are Senate officers. It can be seen that the top and bottom of the hall are the watershed of the position. In her first exam when she was eight years old, Jang Jin accurately listed all the positions in each level of office. In the play, Zhongzong Jiachang is now the official of Zhengsanpintang, and it is shocking to get this high position with a woman.

Under the king, there is the highest auxiliary organ-the deliberative government, whose chief executive is "leading the discussion of state affairs", which is equivalent to the cabinet record of China. Under the leadership of the government, it is necessary to discuss the government, which is the same as leadership. Next, I will be a counselor who is in favor of one product and two products. Then there are officials such as Scheeren.

There are six departments under the government, namely, officials, households, rituals, soldiers, workers and punishments, which are equivalent to six departments in China. Its chief justice said that this book is equivalent to six ministers in China. The procuratorial and dissuasive institutions are Si Xian Fu and Si Jian Yuan (two houses). In addition, there is Cheng Yuan who drafted the will for the king.

Patriarchal loyalty organizations include the clan family mansion, loyalty mansion, Yibin mansion, Dunning mansion, etc. Sinology is a Sungkyunkwan (equivalent to imperial academy in China). Other institutions include Zhang Kui Pavilion, Jingyan Pavilion, Hong Wen Pavilion and Art Museum. This history museum is called the Spring and Autumn Museum.

In "Da Jang Geum", the inner court sacrificial institutions affiliated to Cao Liu include the inner court (the exclusive medical unit serving the royal family in the palace) and the inner servant's office (in charge of meals, ordering food, guarding the door and cleaning in the palace, etc. Neishan Temple (in charge of grain, wine, oil, etc. The palaces in the palace and the ministers above the second class in the DPRK) and the hospital (in charge of the royal diet and three meals in the palace) are other institutions, such as the Chinese medicine department (in charge of training medical officers), the life department (in charge of treating patients in Beijing), and the first camp library (in charge of oil, honey, yellow wax, vegetarian food, pepper, etc. ), and the nursery department (in charge of gardens, vegetables, etc. ).

According to Records of the Korean Dynasty-Records of Zhongzong, Xu Changjin was the first female doctor in Korean history. There is not much pen and ink about this legendary figure in the history books, only a few words are recorded one after another, mentioning that Zhongzong trusted Dae Jang Geum very much, completely diagnosed her and gave her a lot of rewards. It's a pity that no matter how good a medical officer is, he can't resist the law of birth, illness and death.

There is a book called "Notes of Li North Korea's National Medical Officer", which describes Chang Jin in detail and mentions her research in acupuncture and dietotherapy in about 250 words: "Today, a medical woman grew up and her surname died. At this time, people can't find it. In the eighteenth year of Emperor Zhongzong in the eleventh year, she was named Chang Jin ... In her dragon body, there was no medical woman treated by Emperor Zhongzong before. After' Tanluo Buqi Decoction' ... Park Shandao, a Confucian scholar in Hong Wen Pavilion, once wrote a poem saying: Tanluo was the first woman in the founding of the People's Republic of China, and she was a spunlace after the physician, and the imperial garden gave her apricot crown, making her a great scholar ... "Although there are not many words, from the records of two books, it is confirmed that Xu Changjin really exists. It is said that she was punished after the death of Zhongzong and was exiled to China. Later, the queen regained her identity and died in Mingzong 1566.

Changjin is a unique strange girl in Korean history. The medical skills are superb, and the medicated diet and supplements made are also delicious. Until today, Changjin's medicated diet and acupuncture secret recipe are still widely studied and promoted in Korean traditional Chinese medicine circles.