Papermaking is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. In A.D. 105, Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty made the famous "Cai Hou Paper" with bark, rags, hemp heads and money nets as raw materials. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty about 1800 years later, China's papermaking was always in the manual manufacturing stage. In the Qing Dynasty 189 1 year, Zhang Lun Paper Mill was founded in Shanghai, and the machine paper industry was started. At present, internationally, papermaking is the third largest industry after telecommunications and steel, and it is one of the important symbols of the national economic development level. Paper is indispensable in the development of all walks of life and people's lives, and the needs of the cause and the convenience brought to people can not be ignored. However, in its manufacturing process, it has brought disaster to the earth and colorful nature on which we live-serious environmental pollution.

Second, the purpose of the survey: In order to better implement the strategy of sustainable development, understand the crisis that the earth is facing now, and protect our surrounding environment and our home bit by bit.

Three. Investigation time: April 6, 2008 to June 6, 2008.

Fourth, survey methods: browsing and reading books from the Internet. Go to the paper mill to investigate the production procedures and raw materials.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) online information

(1) Present situation of traditional papermaking

Jin Dong Company, which invested heavily, set up a factory in1June 1997.1June 1999 entered an orderly development after a long journey. In May 2002, it founded its own publication, Space Shuttle. At the beginning of publication, it was our duty to promote and excavate the traditional papermaking culture in China. With the strong support of Mr. Huang Liangdian, vice president of the company, and Mr. Sun Bingjian, chairman of the trade union, a cultural reporting group was set up to interview in remote mountain villages in Anhui, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Fujian and other places, personally feel the pulse of traditional papermaking in China, and keep abreast of the current situation of papermaking in China.

In June, 2004, we witnessed the whole process of Xuan paper, which is known as the "national treasure of China", from collecting raw materials to fermenting and pulping, to uncovering paper, dewatering and drying. We are deeply proud of the hard work and wisdom of the Chinese nation.

In the following more than a year, we used our spare time to go to Zhejiang, Shaanxi and other places. In a simple and close small ancient village, we really enjoyed the vigorous vitality of traditional culture among the people in China, but at the same time we were deeply worried about the present situation of papermaking.

During thousands of years' reform, China paper has gradually formed its own paper products technology by combining with local characteristics.

In traditional papermaking, the cheapest and most convenient plant raw materials are selected according to local conditions. Ancient handicraft workshops are hidden in the banks of the Qingyi River in Sichuan, the Jinghe River Basin in Anhui and the Feng River in Xi. In Jiajiang County, Sichuan Province, bamboo forests are everywhere, and paper farmers "chop the tender bamboo, remove its green, dye its ash, boil it with fire, wash it with water, pound it with mortar, copy it with curtains and brush it on the wall", which summarizes the whole process of traditional manual papermaking. Paper made by this technology is called "Shu Jian" in Sichuan, and is highly praised by modern great painter Zhang Daqian.

The paper produced in Jingxian County of Xuancheng is called "Xuan Paper". It has always been a tribute and paper of scientific research. Because the terrain of Gu Jing County has "seven mountains, one water, one field, one road and one manor", and the mountains are rich in shrub resources, smart Xuancheng people use sandalwood bark, straw and other things to make paper, all of which are top grade. The specific method is to put the bark and straw of Dalbergia odorifera on the hillside, naturally bleach it by wind and sun, then mash it into pulp, and add a lot of mountain resin into the pulp, and the paper products fished out are white, delicate, soft and even, smooth and not slippery. Wang Ling, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote in the poem "Farewell to the Emperor", "If you have money, don't buy gold, buy more Jiangdong paper, and Jiangdong paper is as white as spring."

Fujian Jiangle and Zhejiang Zeya are also famous for Paper Mountain. Judging from what members of our cultural reporting group saw in the local area, it should be the same strain. Both of them are made of bamboo and lime, soaked in water, and then mashed into pulp with water drainage, stone mortar and other equipment. Because they have not been bleached, the paper produced is yellow, so it can only be used to burn ghosts to express the grief of modern people.

(2) Inheritance and thinking about papermaking.

Although traditional papermaking has high ornamental and research value, it can't hide her decadence and decline, and it can't meet the needs of modern society. The disadvantages of small scale, low output, high labor intensity and great pollution are becoming increasingly prominent.

In the beautiful Yaze mountain area, people use the water of "Silian Town" to make paper. We can see by the pulp pool that the yellow pungent wastewater flows directly to the mountain stream. It is understood that if this water flows into the field, crops will die, and fish and shrimp will not live at all if they flow into Hechi. Jiajiang, Sichuan, is also exposed and dusty due to a large number of bamboo forests being cut down for pulping and papermaking. Originally quiet castle peak, riddled with holes. In front of the huge pot in a rice paper workshop in Macun, a boss surnamed Zhang told us that it takes about 120 tons of water to make a ton of handmade paper, and the wastewater is directly discharged into Shan Ye without any treatment.

Because we have inherited the papermaking culture of China, we are committed to the spirit of benefiting mankind with modern papermaking technology.

The results of the survey of intransitive verbs

Paper is the main material of paper cultural relics, and the types of paper can be divided into manual paper and mechanical paper. Handmade paper includes hemp paper, leather paper, rattan paper, bamboo paper, cotton paper, rice paper, wool paper, historical paper and so on. At the end of 19, handmade paper was gradually replaced by machine-made paper. Newsprint, printing paper, typing paper, glossy paper, picture paper and kraft paper are commonly used.

First, papermaking raw materials

1. bast fiber: it is the main raw material of ancient papermaking. Because it contains a lot of cellulose, it is generally between 60% and 83%. In addition, the fiber length is 120 ~ 180mm, and the fiber length-width ratio is about 950 ~ 1230 times. Because bast fibers are long, paper is tough.

2. Stem fibers: such as bamboo and straw. Its cellulose content is between 24% and 60%, and its length-width ratio is about 100 ~ 200 times. In different periods, the composition and properties of paper are different, and what materials and processes are used to make it.

3. Planting wool fiber: For example, cotton has the purest and most cellulose content, which can generally reach more than 90%. The length of the optical fiber is about 1250 times the width. Because the fiber is particularly fine, has good cohesion, strong texture and delicate and soft texture, the paper made is more wear-resistant and durable.

Two. Classification of paper

1. Hemp paper. Hemp paper is paper made of hemp fiber (hemp and hemp). Common are white hemp paper, jute paper, hemp paper, dry beach slope paper and so on.

2. rattan paper. As early as the Jin Dynasty, rattan paper was produced in large quantities in Zhejiang and Jiangxi in the Tang Dynasty. Its paper is made of rattan fiber. There were white rattan paper, green rattan paper and rattan paper.

3. Xuan paper. Xuan paper is handmade paper made of Dalbergia Dalbergia bark and rice straw, named after it was produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui Province. This kind of paper is elastic, white and smooth, meticulous and uniform, and does not change color for a long time. Known as "slippery as spring ice and dense as silkworm". Xuan paper is a kind of flannelette paper, which is not detailed because of its various specifications. Common ones are: ribbed paper, cotton paper, printed jade paper, single-sided adhesive paper, ten-edged paper and sandwich paper, which have been used in ancient calligraphy and painting since the Tang and Song Dynasties in China.

4. Cotton paper. Cotton paper, also known as leather paper, is made of the bark of Broussonetia papyrifera, which is soft and rich in texture. Tearing from the longitudinal surface of the paper, the broken part is like silk wool, hence the name. The varieties of cotton paper vary from place to place. There are more than 20 kinds of common cotton paper, such as Henan cotton paper, Guizhou cotton paper, Shanghai cotton paper, Qian 'an cotton paper, cocoon paper, Tibetan sutra paper, Korean paper, booklet paper, Minos paper, Hua Kai paper and Taishilian paper.

5. Bamboo paper. Bamboo paper is made of tender bamboo treated with lime, which is also called "yellow paper" because of its yellowish color. There are mainly more than ten kinds of wool paper, wool paper, Sichuan paper, meta paper, straw paper and historical paper.

6. Other paper. In addition to the above kinds of paper, there are kraft paper, magnetic blue paper, tiger paper, wax paper, wool paper, gold paper and so on.

Three. Paper making method

There are two ways to make paper, but at present, due to the development of science and technology and the continuous improvement of machines, the manual paper-making method has gradually withdrawn from the historical stage. Mainly based on machine papermaking.

(A) manual papermaking method

China was that first country to invent pap. /kloc-paper produced before the 0/9th century is generally called handmade paper. Handmade paper is divided into bamboo paper and leather paper. Many precious ancient books, documents, paintings and calligraphy in the past dynasties were made of leather paper. These papers have been preserved for hundreds or even thousands of years. What is the reason? This is closely related to the manufacturing process of handmade paper. With the development of the times and the progress of society, papermaking is constantly developing, revising and perfecting.

After on-the-spot investigation and analysis, Mr. Pan Jixing, with the strong support of the master of paper mill workers, made the most primitive eight-step process with China paper by means of simulation experiment:

Soaking → chopping → washing → mashing → grooving → papermaking → drying → uncovering.

The 16-step complex process of Shaanxi Fengxiang papermaking;

Soaking hemp → chopping → grinding → washing → ashing water → ashing grinding → ashing → cooking → washing → fine grinding → washing → grooving → cutting paper → squeezing → drying paper → uncovering paper.

But to sum up, the process of making handmade paper can be roughly divided into cooking, bleaching, beating and copying.

This paper is divided into four stages.

1. Cooking: Papermaking raw materials are mechanically pretreated (soaked, chopped and washed), and lime milk [Ca (OH) 2] and plant ash water are used as cooking agents in the pulping process, so as to remove the residual pigments, dirt, wax, gum and other fillers in the raw materials, so that the made paper contains calcium (calcium) instead of harmful chemicals.

2. Bleaching: The bleaching process of ancient papermaking adopted "sunlight bleaching". According to A Qing Mo Xingsan's Paper-making Theory, "Stains are exposed again after exposure. If so, yellow will turn into white. Its stains must also be tung ash and wattle ash, otherwise it will not be white. " First, the paper pulp is irradiated by sunlight, and the ozone in the air is used to produce oxidation, so that the natural pigments or coloring substances contained in valuable fibers become other genes. Then the oxidized substance is dissolved by the aqueous solution of tung ash, wattle ash and plant ash, which plays a role in bleaching. Paper made of this bleached pulp does not change color for a long time and is not easy to age and become brittle.

3. Knocking: Hu wrote in "On Papers": "If you cast it with a mortar, the more you hammer it, the more it melts, and the bones and bamboo tendons are liquid." It shows that the beating should be sufficient, and only after sufficient hammering can the paper with uniform fiber interweaving be made.

4. Paper-making: the plant fiber is made into paper pulp after the above treatment. In order to make the fibers float in the water discretely, in addition to fully stirring, some suspending agents such as Abelmoschus manihot, carambola, wild grape and phoenix tree are usually added to make the fibers evenly distributed and increase the strength.

From the above simple process, we can see that the manual papermaking process is slow, the production process is meticulous, there are few harmful chemicals left in the paper, and the fiber is not easy to be damaged, so the paper is strong and wear-resistant. At present, the paintings, calligraphy and ancient books we have seen in the Jin and Song Dynasties have a history of 1000 years. Some papers are still as white as jade and intact. These papers are all made by traditional manual methods.

(2) Machine papermaking method

Machine papermaking generally goes through the following processes: first, prepare raw materials, and then make pulp. Due to the different methods of making pulp, there are mechanical methods and chemical methods.

1. mechanical method: the fiber is dissociated by mechanical method to make mechanical wood pulp. This kind of wood pulp, lignin can not be removed, and its fiber is short and thick, containing more non-cellulose, so the paper made is loose and brittle, and it is easy to oxidize and turn yellow in sunlight and air, which is one of the factors of poor durability.

2. Chemical method is to use appropriate chemicals to remove lignin and other non-cellulose in the process of cooking raw materials, so as to dissociate fibers into pulp. According to the different chemicals used, chemical methods can be divided into sulfite method, alkali method and chlorination method.

(1) sulfite method: fiber is cooked with the mixed solution of calcium bisulfite [Ca (HS04) 2] and sulfite (HS03)2 to make sulfite chemical pulp. This kind of pulp contains a certain amount of hemicellulose and cooking liquor, and the acid that produces lignosulfonic acid remains in the pulp, so the durability of the paper is greatly affected.

(2) Alkaline method: It is a method of cooking with caustic soda as cooking liquid and raw material at high temperature. Because the alkalinity is too large, it does great damage to fibers, reduces the strength of paper and has high cost, so it is rarely used now.

(3) chlorination method: the raw materials are cooked with sodium hydroxide, treated with chlorination and alkali solution to remove lignin, and then bleached. In this process, sometimes alkali, sometimes bleaching powder and sometimes chlorine are used to treat cellulose, which will cause different degrees of damage to cellulose.

It can be seen from the manufacturing method of pulp that the quality of pulp is directly related to the durability of paper.

Consumption of papermaking raw materials

Raw materials are not only the biggest bottleneck restricting the development of paper industry in China, but also an important factor affecting the environmental quality in China. In recent years, due to the strong demand for waste paper imports in China and the rising price of waste paper in the international market, the paper industry is deeply affected by the rapid increase in the import price of waste paper. At present, the proportion of waste paper in China's papermaking raw materials is as high as 44%. The domestic market has a huge demand for papermaking raw materials, but it has long relied on imports.

It is understood that there are 6.5438+0.4 million tons of waste paper in China every year. According to experts, recycling 1 ton waste paper can produce 0.8 tons of good paper, saving more than half of papermaking energy and reducing water pollution by 35%.

At present, the consumption of wood pulp in China is relatively low, 1 1.3 million tons. It's not that China paper enterprises don't like wood pulp. But we don't have so much wood pulp, not so much wood, and not so big a wood pulp factory. At present, the urgent task of China paper industry is to study how to speed up the development of wood pulp paper and establish effective recycling channels. The amount of waste paper recycling in China is far from meeting the demand, mainly because the recycling channels of waste paper are not smooth, especially the channels of large industrial institutions that produce professional waste paper are "closed". Take newsprint as an example. There are hundreds of newspapers published in Beijing, with a daily tonnage of at least dozens of tons. 70%-80% of the waste paper can be recycled, but the actual amount of recycled paper is far from this standard, and a lot of waste paper is wasted.

This situation is enough to lead to extremely severe environmental factors in China. Let's look at another set of data.

The sewage discharge of pulp and paper industry accounts for about 10%- 12% of the total sewage discharge in China, ranking third among all kinds of pollution; The chemical oxygen consumption in discharged sewage accounts for about 40%-45% of the total discharge in China, ranking first among all kinds of discharges, and the paper industry has become one of the main industries that pollute the environment in China. Paper industry is a light industry with large output, high water consumption and serious pollution. Water pollution is classified as waste gas, solid waste gas and noise pollution in various industries, and it is also very serious.

The main reasons for such serious pollution are:

1. Non-wood pulp such as straw pulp and reed pulp occupies a high proportion in the pulp structure. Due to the mature pollution recovery technology of wood pulp, the alkali recovery rate can reach 98%, so it causes less pollution to the environment. However, for straw pulp papermaking, there is no effective and economical pollution prevention method in the world at present, which has caused great environmental pollution. The pulp structure of paper industry in developed countries is wood pulp 62.6, waste paper pulp 34 and non-wood pulp (straw pulp, reed pulp, etc. ) 3.4. In China, the proportion of non-wood pulp such as straw pulp and reed pulp is as high as 22.

2. The paper industry has low concentration, too many small paper mills and serious pollution. These small paper mills with high energy consumption and high water consumption, mainly straw pulp papermaking, are important pollution sources in the paper industry.

3. If the wastewater from paper industry is discharged into the river without effective treatment, the organic matter in the wastewater will be fermented and oxidized. Cook fish, shellfish, etc. Aquatic organisms die of hypoxia; Some tiny fibers are suspended in water, which easily leads to the death of fish; Wood chips, sawdust, grass chips, rotten grass, rotten pulp, etc. Wastewater sinks to the bottom, silts up the river bed, and produces toxic odor continuously during fermentation; There are some substances in wastewater that are not easy to ferment and decompose, which are suspended in water to absorb sunlight, reduce the penetration of sunlight into rivers and hinder the photosynthesis of aquatic plants; In addition, it also contains some carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic toxic substances. In a word, papermaking wastewater makes the river black and smelly, and there are no fish and shrimp in the aquatic plants, mosquitoes and flies abound, and moths are everywhere, which endangers the health of coastal residents and causes acute diseases such as dysentery, enteritis and hemorrhoids to prevail. At the same time, it is not conducive to farmland irrigation and residential water use.

4. Some solid wastes discharged by the paper industry, such as rotten pulp, pulp residue, bark, sawdust, grass roots, coal ash, etc. Fermented and deteriorated, giving off a bad smell. When it rains, toxic and smelly water also flows out, polluting surface water and underground water sources. The waste gas, smoke and mechanical noise produced in the production process of coal-fired boilers also affect the health of workers and nearby residents.

Suggestions on the investigation of intransitive verbs;

1. Most of the pollution in the paper industry comes from the pulping process. Pulping wastewater also contains many useful substances, such as caustic soda and fiber. If some substances are directly discharged into rivers, physical, chemical and biological changes will occur and the environment will be polluted. These substances are harmful if discarded, but valuable if used. Therefore, the development of small paper mills to medium and large paper mills is also one of the preventive measures. For example, in the cooking process of pulping, the black residual liquid discharged after squeezing out the pulp, and the treatment of the black residual liquid is to recover heat energy and alkali treatment. This device is called alkali recovery device. That is to say, the water in the black residual liquid is evaporated, and then it is sent to the alkali recovery furnace for combustion to generate heat energy, which is used to generate steam, power generation and hot water and then used in the production process. Water and lime are added to the residue after combustion to obtain alkali, which can be returned to the cooking process of pulping process or sold as a by-product.

2. The waste water in the papermaking process can be recycled first, and the remaining water can be filtered and recycled, and then reused several times before being discharged. This can not only save resources, but also reduce the waste water of paper mills. If the land has the conditions, the wastewater can be purified by land treatment, and it can overflow to the gentle slope grassland or woodland and be purified by soil. In addition, natural depressions and ponds can be used to cultivate aquatic plants to purify wastewater, among which water peanuts and water hyacinths are the best. The effluent is used for farmland irrigation, and most of the solid waste gas can be comprehensively utilized.

Through this survey, we found that although the paper industry is an important enterprise in China, the state has not paid enough attention to the environment of this page. Not only in terms of industrial structure and technology, but also in terms of raw materials. We believe that the state should pay enough attention to this problem. To improve the environment, we can't take the old road of pollution first and then treatment.

But we ordinary people should get more from it. In our daily life, we should save paper and try our best to do something for the environment of the earth. Start from the side, start from bit by bit, and contribute to the protection of our mother earth.