Under the banner of economic globalization, the globalization trend of mining industry is inevitable. Mining globalization is manifested in transnational exploration and development of mineral resources, transnational processing and sales of mineral products, transnational merger and listing of mining companies, transnational flow of mining funds, joint investment of large-scale mineral exploration and development projects by many countries and companies, and international sharing of mining information. Mining globalization is characterized by the globalization of mineral products trade, mining investment and mining services. In order to optimize the allocation of resources, reduce operating costs, strengthen core business and improve international competitiveness, the wave of mergers and acquisitions of mining companies swept the world. Large-scale, internationalization and collectivization have become the development trend of mining companies. Mining globalization has greatly increased the concentration of mining production and mineral products trade. The development of mining globalization has intensified the competition among mining companies. On the one hand, mining production factors will flow to high-quality and low-cost mining areas; On the other hand, high-quality resources are concentrated in multinational mining companies with the strongest economic and technological strength to the greatest extent. Mineral resources are one of the most important factors of production, so mining globalization plays a very important role in economic globalization.
The international mining oligopoly, which was formed as early as the first half of the 20th century, has been further strengthened in recent years. The merger and acquisition war of mining enterprises aimed at monopolizing high-quality resources, realizing scale operation and improving efficiency has intensified. From 1996 to 2005, there were 134 global mergers and acquisitions of non-ferrous metals, with the transaction amount exceeding 25 million US dollars and the transaction amount reaching 57.974 billion US dollars. The number of gold mergers and acquisitions reached 189, and the transaction amount * * * was $5,765,438 +0.2 1 billion. In the past 10 years, the average annual M&A amount of multinational mining companies exceeded11400 million US dollars, of which non-ferrous metals and gold accounted for almost 50% respectively.
In 2005, M&A of multinational mining companies reached its peak in 15. There were 56 M&A cases of gold and nonferrous metals in the whole year, with the M&A amount of 42.803 billion US dollars, 5.5 times higher than that in 2004. Among them, there were 27 cases of non-ferrous metal M&A, with the M&A amount of 26.335 billion US dollars, an increase of 10.7 times compared with 2004; There were 29 gold mergers and acquisitions, with a total amount of $65.438+06.468 billion, an increase of 2.8 times compared with 2004.
In 2006, the single-year M&A amount of large mining companies exceeded the sum of the previous 10 years. There were 66 M&A cases of gold and non-ferrous metals in the whole year, and the M&A amount was 94.485 billion US dollars, an increase of 1 times over 2005. Among them, there were 26 cases of non-ferrous metal M&A, and the M&A amount was 711090,000 US dollars, an increase of 1.7 times compared with 2005; There were 40 gold mergers and acquisitions, with a total amount of 23.376 billion US dollars, an increase of 42% compared with 2005.
The large-scale combination and merger of multinational mining enterprises has further improved the concentration of global mining. In particular, multinational mining companies in developed countries, with their abundant capital, advanced production technology and management experience, have expanded their scale, strengthened their strength and further improved their control and influence on the market in the new wave of mergers and acquisitions. For example, after years of global merger and expansion, Alcoa has become the world's largest non-ferrous metal industrial enterprise, ranking first in the world in terms of alumina and electrolytic aluminum production and aluminum processing capacity, with annual sales revenue exceeding 20 billion US dollars. BHP Billiton of Australia and BHP Billiton of Britain have become the world's largest multinational mining company, the third largest copper producer, the third largest iron ore producer and the first largest coal exporter. After years of mergers and acquisitions, mining companies such as BHP Billiton, Anglo American, Rio Tinto, Alcoa and CVRD have greatly improved their market control over iron ore, alumina, aluminum and marine coal.
According to statistics, there are about 8,000 companies involved in global mining activities, but most of the mine output is controlled by a few companies. In the list of the top 50 mining companies in the world, the top 25 companies are basically monopolized by developed countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, Britain and South Africa, and their controlled output accounts for 78% of the total output of these 25 big companies. Other mining companies include CVRD in Brazil, Codelco in Chile, Grupo in Mexico, OCP in Morocco, Debswana in Botswana, SALL (iron ore) and Hindustan Zinc Company in India, which together account for the remaining 22% of the output. According to the estimation of Swedish Raw Materials Group (RMG), with the gradual shift of mine output to the southern hemisphere, the proportion of mining companies in developing countries is expected to increase.
With the merger and expansion of multinational mining companies, the global iron ore export market is mainly controlled by CVRD, Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton. CVRD controls the European market, while RioTinto and BHP Billiton dominate the Asian market. In 2004, the three major companies accounted for 80% of the global iron ore trade. Judging from the control concentration of mining companies on major metal minerals, the world's largest multinational mining company controls 3 1.5% tin production, 23.2% iron ore production, 14.9% copper production, 12.3% gold production and 12.2% western countries. 10 companies control 70.2% of iron ore production, 79.3% of tin ore production, 74.6% of copper ore production, 57.4% of gold production and 57. 1% of zinc production in western countries. 10 top enterprises account for 26.7% of the total mining output value in western countries.
In the oil field, although multinational oil companies in the United States and Europe lost control of oil reserves in many parts of the world after the 1970s, they still account for about 40% of the world's oil production except the former Soviet Union. In 2004, the crude oil output of ExxonMobil, BP, Royal/Shell Group, Chevron Texaco, Russian Lukoil Company, Russian Yukos Company, Total Company, Russian Surgut Oil and Gas Company, American ConocoPhillips Company, TNK-BP Company and other multinational oil companies 10 accounted for 24.4% of the global total output. In 2005, stimulated by the money-making effect, oil giants adjusted their business and increased their investment in upstream oil and gas fields. At the same time, by acquiring some companies with growth potential to increase resource reserves and expand production capacity, the volume of M&A transactions in the oil and gas industry has tripled over the previous year, reaching $654.38+060 billion, the highest level since 6543.8+0998. In particular, ConocoPhillips' acquisition of Burlington Resources Company for $35.6 billion in June 5438+February 2005 is the most striking case, and it has entered the ranks of global 10 top multinational oil companies.