China has a vast territory, but water resources are poor and unevenly distributed. The monsoon climate in Chinese mainland makes the seasonal distribution of water resources in China extremely uneven, and droughts and floods also occur from time to time during the year. Due to the fact that China's topography is high in the west and low in the east, the water vapor transportation mainly depends on the Pacific Ocean located in the southeast of the mainland to transport water vapor to the western inland. The distribution of water resources in China is more in the south and less in the north. In contrast, the distribution of cultivated land on which people depend is less in the south and more in the north. The disharmony of water and soil resources aggravated the water shortage in northern China.
North China is China's political, economic and cultural center and an important industrial and agricultural production base, but the water resources in this area are very short, especially in Haihe River basin, which is the most serious water shortage area. This area is facing the situation that water resources are exhausted and water quality is deteriorating. Most rivers become seasonal or perennial waterless rivers, groundwater is seriously over-exploited, and urban and rural water supply is in full swing. In recent years, with the increase of population and economic development, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources has become more prominent, and the water crisis facing the northern region has become increasingly severe. It is urgent to improve the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources and the ecological environment in the north and increase the supply of water resources. However, to change the uneven distribution of water resources in region and time, we can only adjust it through the construction of water conservancy projects. Therefore, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, which is rich in water resources, is to build the South-to-North Water Transfer Project.
As early as 1950s, President Mao Zedong proposed: "There is more water in the south and less water in the north. If possible, it is ok to borrow some water. " Since then, the curtain of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project has been opened. Over the past 50 years, water conservancy workers have done a lot of work around the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, compared several schemes, and finally formed three main water diversion routes of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project: the east line, the middle line and the west line.
The South-to-North Water Transfer Project, which runs through China and crosses four major rivers, is a major strategic infrastructure to solve the serious shortage of water resources in northern China and realize the optimal allocation of water resources in China. The implementation of this huge project is of great significance for alleviating the serious shortage of water resources in northern China, optimizing the allocation of water resources, promoting the adjustment of economic structure, improving people's living standards, improving the ecological environment and enhancing comprehensive national strength.
Transferring water from the Yangtze River basin, which is rich in water resources, to the north is a large-scale project with complex technology, wide influence and huge investment. After detailed investigation, exploration and scientific demonstration, the implementation plan of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the North is formulated, that is, according to the overall layout of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are planned to meet the development needs of northwest and north China, that is, the west route project of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the middle route project of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project and the east route project of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Restricted by geographical location, water resources in the water diversion area and water consumption in the water diversion area, each water diversion line has its own reasonable water supply range and cannot replace each other. It is planned that by 2050, the total water transfer scale of the east, middle and west routes will be 448× 108m3, with a total investment of about 500 billion yuan, which will be implemented in stages. Phased implementation can basically alleviate the serious shortage of water resources in the Huang-Huai-Hai River basin and gradually curb the deterioration of the ecological environment caused by serious water shortage in this area. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project solves the contradiction between the distribution of water resources and the distribution of social productive forces in China through the rational allocation of water resources across river basins, and will play a great role in changing the serious water shortage in northern China, improving the water supply capacity along the line, ensuring the coordinated development of regional economy, society, population and resources, and improving the ecological environment. The following respectively introduce the East Route Project, West Route Project and Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer Project.
1. 1.2 East Line Project
The East Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer is to use the existing water transfer project in Jiangsu Province to gradually expand the scale of water transfer and extend the water transmission line. The East Line Project draws the Yangtze River water from Jiangdu and Yangzhou in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and uses the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and its parallel rivers to pump the water to the north step by step, connecting Hongze Lake, Roman Lake, Nansi Lake and Dongping Lake, thus playing a role in regulation and storage. After leaving Dongping Lake, the water is transported in two ways: southbound, flowing to Tianjin by itself after crossing the Yellow River; The other way is eastward, and water is delivered to Yantai and Weihai through the economic southward of Jiaodong water trunk line. The main water supply goal is to solve the urban and industrial water use along the water transfer line and Jiaodong area, improve the agricultural water supply conditions in Huaibei area, and provide ecological and agricultural water when needed in the north.
The water supply scope of the East Route Project covers the eastern part of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and Jiaodong area, which is divided into three parts: south of the Yellow River, Jiaodong area and north of the Yellow River. There are 25 cities in the Huaihe River, Haihe River and Yellow River basins, including Tianjin, Jinan, Qingdao, Cangzhou, Hengshui, Liaocheng, Dezhou, Binzhou, Yantai, Weihai, Zibo, Weifang, Dongying, Zaozhuang, Jining, Xuzhou, Heze, Tai 'an, Yangzhou, Huai 'an, Suqian, Lianyungang, Bengbu, Huaibei and Suzhou.
The water supply area of the East Route Project is located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Haihe River, spanning the north subtropical zone and the south warm temperate zone. The annual average rainfall is 1000 ~ 500mm from south to north, and decreases gradually from south to north. Affected by the monsoon climate, the annual and inter-annual precipitation is uneven, and there is a great difference between high and low years, with continuous high water years and low water years appearing alternately. The eastern water supply area has dense population, concentrated cities, convenient transportation, relatively flat terrain and rich mineral resources. It is an important energy and chemical production base in China, and also the main producing area of agricultural products such as grain. According to the statistics of 1998, the population in this area is1.8 billion, the urbanization rate is 23.6%, the cultivated land is 880× 104 hm2, the total industrial and agricultural output value is 1.75 trillion yuan, and the grain output is/kloc-0. The economic growth potential in this area is huge, but the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is increasingly prominent. Water shortage restricts economic and social development and has a serious impact on the ecological environment. The eastern water supply area is facing the severe situation of over-exploitation of surface water, serious over-exploitation of groundwater, water pollution and environmental degradation. In the case of actively taking water-saving measures and successively building water supply projects such as diverting water from Luanhe River to Tianjin and Yellow River to Yangtze River, the water shortage in some areas can be alleviated, but it is difficult to fundamentally reverse the situation of water shortage. Therefore, on the basis of further saving water and rational utilization of existing water resources, it is very necessary and urgent to build the Eastern Route Project.
According to the water supply target and the predicted local inflow and water demand, and considering the opinions of various provinces (cities) and the progress of pollution control in the eastern line, the eastern line project is planned to be opened first and then unblocked, and the scale will be gradually expanded and implemented in three phases. Phase I project: mainly supplying water to Jiangsu and Shandong provinces. The pumping scale of the river is 500m3/s, and the annual average pumping capacity is 89× 108m3, of which the newly-increased pumping capacity is 39×108m3. ; Crossing the Yellow River 50 m3/s, supplying water to Jiaodong area 50 m3/s.. Phase II project: The water supply scope is extended to Hebei and Tianjin. The scale of the project is expanded to lift 600 m3/s of water, cross the Yellow River 100 m3/s, Tianjin 50 m3/s, and supply 50 m3/s of water to Jiaodong area. Phase III Project: Increase the water quantity of South-to-North Water Transfer Project to meet the water demand for national economic development in 2030 within the water supply scope. The scale of the project is expanded to lift 800 m3/s water, cross the Yellow River 200 m3/s, Tianjin 100 m3/s, and supply 90 m3/s water to Jiaodong area. According to the target set by the State Council, the East Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion started construction on February 27th, 2002, and it is planned to supply water in 2007, mainly to northern Jiangsu and Shandong provinces. 20131211,the first phase of the East Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project was officially opened.
The difficulties of the East Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project are: serious water pollution along the route; The problem of water shortage in Beijing is difficult to solve; South of the Yellow River, pumping stations are needed to pump water, and the operation cost is high. Because it shares rivers, pumping stations and lakes with the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in Jiangsu Province, it is difficult to ensure the water quantity and progress of the north water during the drought in Huaihe River Basin or the peak water consumption in Jiangsu Province. Complex operation and management.
The pollution control planning of the Eastern Route Project is divided into water conveyance trunk line planning area, water conservation planning area of Shandong and Tianjin, and water quality improvement planning area of Henan and Anhui. The main pollution control measures are five types of projects: urban sewage treatment plant construction, sewage interception and diversion, industrial structure adjustment, industrial comprehensive management and river basin comprehensive improvement project. According to the present situation of water quality and water pollution control, the area south of the Yellow River should focus on the treatment of industrial structural pollution and domestic sewage, combine the main project with the existing river water conservancy project, and implement sewage interception and diversion and sewage reuse where conditions permit, effectively reduce the amount of sewage entering the river and control oil and agricultural non-point source pollution; Taking sewage interception and diversion as the main measure to form a clear water corridor in the north of the Yellow River can improve the regional environmental quality and realize the recycling of sewage. In order to embody the principle of water supply after pollution control, according to the requirements of project implementation progress, pollution control is divided into two periods: 2007 and 20 10. Before 2007, pollution control projects and pollution interception and diversion projects in Shandong and Jiangsu were the main projects, and industrial control projects in Hebei were implemented at the same time; From 2008 to 2065438+00, sewage treatment plants and sewage interception and diversion projects in Hebei and Tianjin were mainly implemented, and pollution control projects in Henan and Anhui provinces were also implemented. After the implementation of the planned project, it is predicted that the water quality can reach Class III or be better than Class III water standard. The total investment of pollution control project is 24 billion yuan, and the investment of pollution interception and diversion project is 2.49 billion yuan, including 65.438+72.5 billion yuan in the first phase and 765 million yuan in the second phase.
The environmental impact of the eastern route project is that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, and the adverse impact can also be improved by taking measures. After the implementation of the project, it will help improve the supply and demand conditions of water resources in the northern region and promote the sustainable development of economy and society; Conducive to improving the ecological environment of water supply areas and improving people's quality of life; It is beneficial to replenish groundwater along the line and alleviate land subsidence; Conducive to the safety of drinking water in cities and towns and improve the drinking water quality of residents in high fluorine areas; It is beneficial to improve the investment environment of water supply area and has remarkable social benefits. The possible adverse environmental impacts have been monitored, tested and analyzed for many years, and the following conclusions have been drawn: ① The proportion of water diversion in the East Route Project to the runoff of the Yangtze River is very small, and the water diversion has little influence on the water level of the Yangtze River below the water intake, river siltation and the position of the mouth bar sand. The first phase of the project only increases the river diversion1100m3/s compared with the current situation, which will not aggravate the harm of salt water intrusion in the Yangtze River estuary. In the dry season of the Yangtze River, avoidance measures can be taken to avoid salt water intrusion in the Yangtze River estuary. ② The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain has formed a relatively complete drainage system and accumulated rich experience in soil salinization prevention and control. The secondary salinization of soil in northern irrigation area can be prevented and controlled. ③ According to the experiment and water transfer practice, water transfer will not make Schistosoma japonicum spread from south to north. (4) Water transfer is beneficial to aquatic organisms in lakes along the water transfer, but has no obvious influence on aquatic organisms in the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent waters.
The East Line Project consists of a series of single projects, such as water conveyance channel, pumping station, water storage lake, yellow river crossing project, pollution control project, soil and water conservation project, power supply, dispatching and operation management facilities. On the basis of a single project, water transfer schemes of different scales are formed. The main project of the first, second and third phases of the East Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project has an investment of 42 billion yuan.
1. 1.3 West Line Project
The West Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project is a major inter-basin water transfer project from the main tributaries in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River to the upper reaches of the Yellow River. It is also a major strategic project to supplement the shortage of water resources in the Yellow River, solve the drought and water shortage in northwest China and promote the management and development of the Yellow River. Water transfer on the west line is to build dams and reservoirs in the upper reaches of Tongtianhe, Yalong and Dadu rivers, tributaries of the Yangtze River. The dam site is 2900 ~ 4000 meters above sea level, and the water is transferred to the Yellow River through the Bayankala diversion tunnel, the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.
Severe water shortage leads to frequent interruption of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, exacerbates the contradiction between supply and demand, worsens the ecological environment, aggravates water pollution, and poses a serious threat to wetlands and biodiversity in the estuary area. At the same time, it increases the siltation of the main stream of the Yellow River, reduces the flow capacity of the flat beach and increases the flood control burden. The shortage of water resources will become a restrictive factor for the sustainable development of economy and society in the Yellow River Basin and related areas, and the implementation of the West Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer is the fundamental way to solve the shortage of water resources. The west, east and middle routes of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, together with the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River and the Haihe River, form a water resources network with east-west mutual assistance and north-south allocation to solve the water shortage problem in northern China. The west route project of South-to-North Water Transfer Project is not only necessary, but also very urgent. Experts predict that water transfer from the west line can fundamentally change the desert in the northwest, reduce the occurrence of sandstorms, make the soil in the northwest moist from drought, and the ecological environment in the western region will change obviously.
The water supply target of the West Line Project is mainly to solve the water shortage problem in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Guanzhong Plain of Weihe River in six provinces (autonomous regions) such as Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi and Shanxi. Combined with the construction of Daliushu Water Control Project in the main stream of the Yellow River, water can also be supplied to Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province adjacent to the Yellow River basin, and water can also be replenished to the lower reaches of the Yellow River when necessary. The water supply targets are mainly ecological water, including tributaries and water and soil conservation, so as to reduce the amount of water flowing into the Yellow River, supplement it to the main stream of the Yellow River, urban life and industry, and give consideration to agricultural irrigation.
The planned western route project will be implemented in three phases. According to the master plan of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the first phase of the project transfers 40× 108m3 water from six tributaries in the upper reaches of Yalong River and Dadu River (25× 108m3 water from four tributaries of Dadu River, Ake River, Makehe River, Duke River and Sequ River, and cement slurry from two tributaries of Yalong River). In the second phase of the project, water is transferred from the main stream of Yalong River by 50×108m3; ; The third phase of the project transfers water from Tongtian River by 80× 108m3. According to the original plan of the first phase of the western line project, the planned passage time of the project is July 5438+0, 2006; Project proposal from July 5438+0, 2006 to 2004; Feasibility study from 2005 to 2006; The preliminary design is from 2007 to 2009; The tender documents were compiled on 20 10. At present, due to other reasons, the state has adjusted and postponed the western line project.
1. 1.4 Middle Line Project
The Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer is to divert water from Danjiangkou Reservoir through the Yellow River, go north along the west side of Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, and flow to Beijing and Tianjin by itself. Named after the water intake is located in the middle of the east-west line. This book only covers the first phase of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project.