Historical Records is the first biographical general history of China written by Sima Qian, and it is also the first of the twenty-five histories. It records the history of more than 3000 years from the legendary era of the Yellow Emperor to the first year of Emperor Taishigong of the Han Dynasty. At first, there was no title for historical records, or "Taishi Gongshu" or "Taishi Gongzhuan", which was also called "Taishi Gong" in the province. Historical Records is the general name of ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms period, Historical Records has gradually evolved from a general name of historical books to a specific name of "Taishi Gongshu". Historical Records, Han Shu (Ban Gu), Later Han Shu (Ye Fan, Sima Biao) and The History of the Three Kingdoms (Chen Shou) are collectively called "the first four histories". Liu Xiang and others think that this book is "good in order and reason, argumentative but not flashy, qualitative but not vulgar". It is also known as the "double gem of history" with the "A Mirror of Mutual Learning" compiled by Sima Guang in the Song Dynasty.

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