China Han people first came into contact with Buddhism, which is generally believed to have started in the era of Emperor Han Ming. Because Ming Chengzu dreamed that he was a gold man at night, he sent Cai Cheng and others 18 people to the West to learn from the scriptures. When I arrived in Da Yue, I met Kaye Morton and Zhu Falan, welcomed them to Luoyang, placed them in Baima Temple, translated 42 chapters, and hid them in the stone chambers of Lantai, which was the beginning of the introduction of Buddhism into China. Later, some Buddhist classics were always introduced from the western regions. At the same time, some Indian monks came to China. Some monks from the Han nationality in China went to the Western Heaven to learn Buddhist scriptures. It was not introduced from Tibet (at that time, the primitive religion Bonism prevailed and Buddhism did not enter).

Buddhism was first introduced into Tibet in the 7th century, and the Central Plains was in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Buddhism was introduced to China earlier. (Tibetan Buddhism was once interrupted, so it was divided into pre-Hong period and post-Hong period. )

In addition, Tibetan Buddhism and Han Buddhism (Northern Buddhism) are also different. Although they are all Mahayana Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism is mainly middle school and tantric school, which is formed by combining with Tibetan local culture. The tradition of this Sect is very different from that of Han Buddhism.

Tibetan Buddhism and Han Buddhism belong to Mahayana Buddhism, so there are many similarities in basic teachings. As the same clan of Tibetan Buddhism, there are many similarities. Some are similar to Han Buddhism. For example, believers take the interests of all sentient beings as their purpose, and believe in three and convert to four dharma seals. According to the regulations of the Ministry of Law, observe precepts, suppress evil and promote good, purify the society, learn from precepts, determination and wisdom, be conscious but not fascinated, be righteous but not evil, be clean but not dirty, cultivate financial wisdom six times, achieve the duality of Buddhism, break down the troubles in the three realms, correct mistakes, improve personality, and consciously feel that you have two benefits. But the difference is that Tibetan Buddhism is a complete Buddhist school, with four secret methods, all of which are centered on dragon trees, which are very different from Han Buddhism in things and opinions. It is also different from Han Buddhism in many cultural connotations, such as diet and daily life, laws and regulations, modeling style of Tatang Buddha statue, beliefs and customs, sacrificial methods, psychological quality of believers and so on. A long-standing system of the integration of politics and religion. In the old days, the temple had a solid economic foundation, and the names, categories and forms of the objects supported by the establishment and management system of the scholastic had their own characteristics. In addition, Tibetan Buddhism also has the dietary custom of eating meat, which is different from Han Buddhism.

First, Tibetan Buddhism and Han Buddhism are both Buddhism, so they all have the same characteristics as Buddhism, such as recognizing the four dharma seals and converting to the three treasures. The four disciples are all ordained according to the regulations of the Ministry of Law, showing compassion, suppressing evil and promoting good, relieving the troubles of the three realms with correct views, and pursuing relief from suffering and pain.

Second, both Tibetan Buddhism and Han Buddhism belong to Mahayana Buddhism. Therefore, all of them have the same characteristics as Mahayana Buddhism, such as bodhicitta benefiting all sentient beings, breaking away from Buddhism, cultivating wealth and wisdom at six o'clock, achieving the two-body color method of Buddhism, breaking through obstacles with no two rightnesses, and pursuing nirvana on both sides different from Mahayana Buddhism.

But they also have their own different characteristics and similarities and differences. There are mainly the following aspects:

1. Tibetan Buddhism is a trinity of Buddhism, Bodhisattva and Buddhism, while Han Buddhism is Mahayana Buddhism. Although some secret books were translated in the Tang Dynasty, they are all secret books of subordinates and have long since disappeared. Some people classify Pure Land Sect as Tantric Sect, but this view is probably hard to hold water from a doctrinal point of view. There are four secret methods in Tibetan Buddhism, but the unique secret method of Tibetan Buddhism is the supreme secret method, and the so-called method of becoming a Buddha is only the supreme secret method, because there are many successful methods in the lower third secret school, but none of them are illusory and ignorant, and even the emergence of Buddhism can not be separated from these two double luck achievements.

Second, all factions of Tibetan Buddhism focus on the point of view of dragon tree. Although there are many differences in the understanding of these two truths and meanings, all parties do not respect the only knower. The study of epistemology is only viewed from the opposite side, while Tang Xuanzang came from the sectarianism of epistemology, so promoting the study of epistemology in the eastern soil has a great influence on the Han Buddhism after the Tang Dynasty; The interpretation of the Six Ancestors Tanjing accords with the middle view. However, in the later period, Zen scholars despised Confucian classics, and although they emphasized truth, it was hard to say what kind of truth they did not learn Confucian classics. At present, most of the Han nationality Buddhism is a pure land Sect. Pure land scholars believe that it is very difficult to explain the truth in depth, and it is easy to use the power of Buddha to go to pure land. Therefore, they don't learn the theory of knowing only the middle view, but only recite the scriptures and Buddha's name for death. For these reasons, Tibetan Buddhism and Han Buddhism have very different views on these two truths.

3. Due to the differences in history and culture, natural environment, believers' living conditions and customs, Tibetan Buddhism and Han Buddhism have formed their own different characteristics in many cultural connotations, such as diet and daily life, laws and regulations, modeling style of Buddha statues in stupa halls, beliefs and customs, and believers' psychological quality.

Generally speaking, although there are these differences between Tibetan Buddhism and Han Buddhism, since they are both Buddhism, there is no fundamental difference in doctrine, that is to say, there is no difference in essence. The difference is only a superficial phenomenon that is not essential.

Tibetan Buddhism worships Buddha.

1. The way to worship Buddha is that the hand is not suitable:

Put your hands together on your chest to show your inner self-reflection and observe your inner nature. Everything is the same as the buddhas. Why are you still wandering in the sea of life and death? When you worship Buddha, imagine holding a wishing treasure in your hand. Ruyi Zhu Bao represents the self-consciousness of Buddhists. When the self-interest is all for the welfare of the public and there is no selfishness, it is the behavior of the Buddha, and all requests can be helped by the Buddha and Bodhisattva.

2. Put your hands on your head when you worship Buddha:

This means that in this life, we should learn from the compassion and willingness of the buddhas. At the end of our life, we should be directly reincarnated in the pure land of the West, directly worship Amitabha as a teacher, quickly and directly practice to the same realm as Amitabha, and then come back to help the public. Don't suffer in the cycle of life and death.

3. The second step of worshipping Buddha is to touch your forehead, lips and heart with your hands:

It means to wash away what you have done, said and thought. And dedicate the merits of good words and deeds that you have done, said and thought to your guru and buddhas and bodhisattvas, and thank them for never stopping to teach the public how to do things and lead our hearts to a higher level step by step, from ordinary people to buddhas.

4. The third step in worshipping Buddha is to bend down and slide with your hands on the ground until your body sticks to the ground:

At this time, the believers observed the ten stages of Bodhisattva's practice, that is, ten places. The limbs represent the bodhisattva of "compassion", "love language", "interest behavior" and "colleagues" and transform the mentality, wisdom and convenience of all beings. Touching the forehead means vowing to complete the Bodhisattva's ten practices with the above-mentioned four behaviors, and achieve the absolute eleven "completely bright" realms certified by all Buddhas.

5. When you get up, imagine your limbs:

It means "kindness, sadness, joy and abandonment". May all sentient beings have joy and happiness, may all sentient beings have no bitterness and happiness, and may all sentient beings live on an equal footing, away from resentment, love and hate.

Han Buddhism worships Buddha:

1, hands (fingers together) together (obliquely upward) for the chest, standing in front of the futon, feet splayed.

The distance between the left and right heels is about two inches, and the distance between the toes is about eight inches;

2. Put down the palm of your right hand and press it in the center of the futon. Keep the palm of your left hand still and straddle the futon.

3. Press the left palm in front of the futon;

4. Move the palm of your right hand from the center to the right in front of the futon, and the two palms are separated by six inches;

5. Press your head on the futon between your palms;

6. Turn palms outward and palms up (meaning to hold Buddha's feet with both hands, so it is called head to foot).

7. Turn it over with two fingers and still press it in the original place of the futon;

8, head off from the futon;

9. Move the right palm to the center of the futon;

10, leave the futon with the palm of your left hand and put it on your chest like a palm;

1 1. Hold it in the palm of your right hand (both knees leave the futon at the same time) and put it on the palm of your left hand as your chest. This is a kind of worship, at least three kinds, and most of them add three numbers, such as six, nine and twelve.

After the worship, there is a ceremony, such as secular bow, called inquiry. Just after the worship, when the hands are folded into the chest, the folded hands bow slightly (at the right time) and put them near the abdomen. Then put the palm of your right hand in the palm of your left hand, fold it into a fist, and slowly lift it from bottom to top to eyebrow level (that is, bow straight). Then, slowly put down your hands, cross your hands into your chest, palm up, right hand stacked on your left hand, and two thumbs connected. This is the Samadhi Seal (Tommy's seal is left-handed and right-handed, and the rest is the same as Samadhi Seal). This is the end of the Buddha worship ceremony. Keep your head a little lower so that your hands will

Tibetan Buddhist temples can be divided into three types: Tibetan, Tibetan-Chinese and Chinese. In Tibet and its surrounding provinces, almost all of them are Tibetans: in Inner Mongolia, there are the most mixed Tibetan and Chinese styles, and there are also a few Chinese styles; Lamaism temples in Beijing, Chengde and Wutai Mountain are mostly Chinese or mixed Tibetan and Chinese.

Lamaism temples in Tibet can be divided into two types: those built on the flat ground and those built at the foot of the mountain, with the latter accounting for the majority. Flat temples often adopt a regular and symmetrical way, and the image with the main hall as the composition center is the most prominent; Foothill layout style is free, there is no overall axis, there is no prior planning, and some layout rules are still followed. For example, temples are mostly hillside in the north and flat in the south. There is a large and gorgeous Buddhist temple and a living Buddha mansion in the back, surrounded by a large number of low courtyards on three sides, which is where ordinary monks live. A big temple is mostly completed gradually in the development of decades.

Jokhang Temple in Lhasa is the representative of the flat land. It was built in the 7th century A.D., and has been preserved ever since after being expanded from generation to generation before becoming a temple.

The temple gate faces west, facing the octagonal title. Bajiao Street surrounds Jokhang Temple, and every day believers turn right (clockwise) along it to show their respect for the Buddha.

The main hall of Jokhang Temple is through the entrance gate with a dry Buddha corridor in the middle. Juekang Temple is square in plan, surrounded by four layers and divided into small Buddhist temples. On the central axis, there is a Buddhist temple dedicated to the statue of Muny released by Princess Wencheng, and another Buddhist temple dedicated to the statues of Songzan Gampo, Princess Wencheng and Nepalese Bhrikuti Devi. In the center, there is a flat-topped three-story space in Qualcomm. On the fourth floor, there is a gold-plated copper roof in the middle of each side, which imitates the architecture from the Han Dynasty. There is a flat-topped building in every corner.

There is a small courtyard outside the main entrance of the temple, which contains Princess Liu, the monument of Tang-Fan Alliance and the monument of persuading people to vaccinate. The entrance of Jokhang Temple, the dry Buddha Gallery and the Juekang Hall, together with the small courtyard outside the entrance of Jokhang Temple, form a spatial series with symmetry axis. The entrance retreating into the concave shape forms a Little Square in front of the temple, which is the starting point of the series. The Thousand Buddha Gallery is open-air, and the corridor is very wide, while the interior of Juekang Hall is closed and depressed, in contrast. The golden dome of Juekangtang is very distinctive. It is lined with short eaves along the top of a large square outer wall to bind the whole hall. There are four Jinding halls protruding from the short eaves, which make each Jinding look like a double eaves. Coupled with the turret, the image is particularly rich and gorgeous.

Xialu Temple, located in the southeast of Shigatse, was founded in 1087 (Song Dynasty). "Xia Lu" means new tender leaves, which may contain the meaning of Buddhist revival. The original temple was destroyed by the earthquake and rebuilt at the end of 13 (Yuan Dynasty). In the middle of the bottom floor of the Hall of Great Heroes, Xialulakang is a square-plane large sutra hall. The top of the middle part protrudes, and the light enters from the skylight between the tops of Gao Diping. This layout was later called "the governor's French style" and was widely used after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The left, right and back sides of the main hall are densely surrounded by a number of Buddhist temples, and a circle of cloisters is added outside, where monks can recite scriptures in the right direction.

The second floor is surrounded by four pure Chinese temples. According to ancient Tibetan documents, Xialulakang was built by many skilled craftsmen of the Han nationality, forming an early mixed Tibetan-Chinese style.

65438+At the beginning of the 5th century (early Ming Dynasty), Zong Kaba, a monk from Qinghai, carried out religious reform in Tibet and founded the Gelug Sect, also known as the Yellow Sect. Since then, its influence has gradually become stronger, not only in religion, but also in politics. There are six famous temples of the Yellow Sect, which are also the largest temples of Tibetan Buddhism, such as Gandan Temple in Lhasa (1409), drepung monastery (14 16) and Sera Temple (1465438). They are all built in the foothills, which can be represented by Labrang Temple.

Labrang Temple is located in an oval basin with a river in the south. The main building is located at the foot of Beishan Mountain. The middle of the whole temple is close to the foot of the mountain, and there are tall buildings, such as prayer hall, Buddhist temple and living Buddha house. The small courtyard where monks generally live has the largest area and is surrounded by them from east, south and west. There are more than 500 prayer corridors outside, like a ribbon, which surrounds the whole temple from three sides. The whole temple is dotted with alleys, like a small town.

Labrang Temple is centered on the largest college of literature. The College of Literature consists of a gate, an anteroom, a hall with a door profile and a back hall standing next to the hall from front to back along the longitudinal axis.

The columns in the hall are arranged in a square grid, and the dense beams are flat-topped. Like Xialu Temple, the central flat roof rises. There are niches on the whole back wall, cupboards near the back of the left and right walls, murals on other walls, fabrics underground, columns and ceilings, and Thangka (a silk scroll painting with Buddha statues) and prayer flags hanging everywhere. The light in the hall is dim, the space is low and deep, and the thick and weak butter light in the atmosphere flashes on the golden utensils, adding mysterious colors. You can climb the steps from the back wall of the hall and enter the back hall. The back hall is divided into many rooms, which are divided into Buddha statues, pagodas with the bones of living buddhas of past dynasties and ferocious statues of dharma protectors. It's not deep but it's high. The front wall protrudes above the ceiling of the main hall, with high windows, and the light only shines on the head and chest of the Buddha statue, making the atmosphere more mysterious.