Wu Qi (about 440- 38 BC1) was one of the representatives of the famous Legalist School in the early Warring States Period. After about 395 BC, he went to the State of Chu to help the King of Chu carry out reforms. Wu Qi believes that the main problem of Chu State is the system of "learning from the scriptures". This system resulted in "many ministers and many princes" in Chu State. If so, it is to force (force) the Lord and abuse the people. This poor country is also a weak country. The focus of his reform is to weaken the old "Shi Qing Shi Lu" system, select and appoint talents, and strictly reward and punish them. After this reform, Chu's politics was rectified and its military strength became stronger and stronger. "So Nanping Baiyue, north and Chen, Cai, but Sanjin, western cutting Qin, governors are suffering from the strength of Chu. "But Wu Qizhi's reform was opposed by Chu aristocratic conservatives, and the struggle between the two sides was also very sharp. In 38 1 BC, the king of Chu mourned, and the conservatives immediately staged a coup and killed Wuqi. Almost all the reforms in Wuqi were abolished, and Chu, which occupied half of the country, lost the historical opportunity to unify the world.
Shang Yang (about 390-338 BC) carried out two large-scale political reforms from 356 BC to 350 BC. The first time was in the sixth year of filial piety: farming and weaving were appreciated, and the prolific people were exempted from corvee; Abolish the hereditary privilege of nobles and formulate a system of conferring titles according to the size of military exploits; Adopt Li Kui's "legal classics" as the law, and implement the method of sitting together. The second time was in the twelfth year of filial piety: the merged township was thirty-one counties (one said forty-one counties); Abolish the well field system and allow land to be bought and sold; According to Ding Nan's conquest law, it is stipulated that two men in a family must be separated, or they will be conquered twice. Promulgate legal weights and measures to unify measurement. Shang Yang's two political reforms laid the foundation for Qin's prosperity and created conditions for Qin to unify the six countries. Because Shang Yang was too harsh in implementing the new law, he offended some conservative nobles. Shortly after Qin Xiaogong's death, he was persecuted by nobles, tortured by car cracks, and finally died as a martyr.
Liu Che (157-87), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, carried out extensive reforms, including the whole society, politics, military affairs, economy, culture and other aspects. Politically, firstly, the "favor decree" and "attached benefit decree" were promulgated, which made the vassal king enfeoffment and divided the fief of the kingdom, thus further weakening the power of the vassal king; Secondly, the establishment of China and North Korea weakened the relative strength and consolidated the sacred position of imperial power; 13 secretariat departments were established again, and local control was strengthened. In addition, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in China to create and use titles. On the military side, it is mainly to concentrate the military power and establish subordinate troops and guards, which not only enriches the central guard force, but also prepares a powerful military force to counter the Huns. On the economic front, we should rectify the finances, issue the orders of "liquidation" and "admonition", levy a tax on businessmen's assets, and crack down on wealthy businessman dajia; Sang Hongyang suggested that smelting iron and boiling salt should be returned to the official camp, and it is forbidden to cast money in counties and counties; The establishment of leveling officials and loss-sharing officials, as well as the government's management of transportation and trade, have greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, building water conservancy projects, emigrating to the northwest, implementing the "land substitution law" in ideology and culture, and adopting Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" made Confucianism the dominant ideology of China society, which had a far-reaching impact on the politics, society and culture of China in later generations.
Wang Mang (45-23 years ago) was born in Yuancheng, Wei County (now east of daming county, Hebei Province), and was the founder of the new dynasty. He ruled from AD 8 to AD 23. In the first year (AD 8), Wang Mang abolished the last emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, Ruziying, called himself the emperor, changed the title of the country to new, and made the title "The Founding of People's Republic of China (PRC)". After usurping Han's self-reliance, he reformed the system and ordered the reform: changing the land to "Wang Tian" to limit the number of individuals; Handmaiden changed its name to "private" and it was forbidden to buy or sell; Implement five grades and six grades, control and monopolize industry and commerce, and increase national tax revenue; Repeated changes in the monetary system have caused economic chaos, unemployment of farmers and enterprises, and waste of food and commodities; Restore the fifth rank, often change the official system and administrative divisions and so on. Due to the destruction of nobles and powerful people, the restructuring did not ease social contradictions, but intensified class contradictions; He also launched a war against the border ethnic minority regimes, with heavy taxes, excessive levies and harsh laws, and finally a nationwide peasant uprising broke out in A.D. 17. In 23 AD, the new dynasty collapsed under the attack of peasant rebels such as Chimei and Greenwood, and Wang Mang was also killed when the heroes of Greenwood invaded Chang 'an. Wang Mang, who had no chance to defend himself, was criticized for thousands of years, but history remembered him and his reform and exploration, and finally gave him a fair evaluation.