Lesson 1 The Prosperous Sui Dynasty
1, the establishment and unification of the Sui Dynasty:
In May1year, the consorts of the Northern Zhou Dynasty established the Sui Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital. He is Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. Sui destroyed Chen and unified the north and south.
2. The Grand Canal of Sui Dynasty: (1) Purpose: To strengthen the north-south traffic and consolidate the old capital.
(2) Time: Dig while working. Since 605. Observe the map of the Sui Canal on page 4 of the textbook and fill in the following items (3) to (6):
(3) Three points: the center is in the north and south.
(4) Four sections: From north to south, the Grand Canal is, Harmony and Hangou in turn.
(6) Function:
Lesson 2 The Rule of Chastity
1. The rule of the Sui Dynasty was very similar to that of a dynasty, with only two emperors. The second emperor of Sui Dynasty practiced tyranny, which eventually led to the peasant uprising at the end of Sui Dynasty. (Sui Dynasty: 58 1-6 18)
2. The establishment of the Tang Dynasty: in, the founder was Li Yuan (Tang Gaozu) and the capital was in. After Emperor Gaozu abdicated, it was handed down in Li Shimin, that is, Emperor Taizong, who had a title.
During the reign of Emperor Taizong, many rectification measures were taken, which made the politics of the Tang Dynasty clearer, the economy developed faster and the national strength gradually became stronger. Historically, it was called "".
The measures taken by Emperor Taizong are as follows: (1) Drawing lessons from the Sui Dynasty; ② Attach importance to agricultural production and reduce people's burden; ③ Pay attention to frugality; (4) Rectifying official management; ⑤ Appoint talented people and accept those who can be tutored with an open mind.
4. "Breaking the conspiracy at home" refers to the two prime ministers who were reused during the period of Emperor Taizong. At that time, the most famous admonisher was Emperor Taizong, who was compared to a mirror that could "know the gains and losses".
She is the only female emperor in the history of China. During her reign, she changed the name of the Tang Dynasty to Emperor Taizong's policy of developing agriculture and selecting talents, which further developed the social economy and enhanced the national strength of the Tang Dynasty. People call her "rule".
6. The boat is better than people, and the water is better than Li Shu. The knife cuts bread and fingers. The famous saying of this passage on the left. The meaning of this sentence is: the ruler is like a ship, and the people are water; Water can make a ship sail on water and also capsize it. This sentence shows the power of the people.
Kaiyuan Shi Sheng Class 3
The title before 1. is Kaiyuan. In the early days of his administration, political integrity and harmony prevailed, and economic prosperity preceded the air. The Tang dynasty entered its heyday, which is called "prosperous time" in history.
3. The economic prosperity of the Tang Dynasty is manifested in:
Agriculture: ① water conservancy is developed; (2) the progress of farming techniques and methods; ③ The emergence of new plant varieties (including new vegetable varieties and tea). In the Tang Dynasty, drinking tea was very popular all over the country. (4) Improvement of production tools-harmony.
Handicraft industry: ① the silk industry is developed; (2) the ceramic industry is developed, and (the most famous)
Commerce: The metropolises with prosperous commerce include Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou and Yangzhou. At that time, it was not only the exchange center of all ethnic groups, but also an international metropolis.
4. The poem "Recalling the prosperity of Kaiyuan, there are still thousands of small towns" praises the prosperity of which emperor was in office? Can you sum up the reasons for this prosperity?
Can you sum up the reasons for this prosperity?
The establishment of the fourth grade imperial examination system
1. The birth of the imperial examination system:
⑵ During the period of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, in order to change the system of selecting officials since Wei and Jin Dynasties, a new method of selecting officials was adopted.
During the reign of the emperor, candidates' views on current politics were formally established and assessed, and talents were selected according to the examination results, and the imperial examination system was formally born.
2. Perfection of the imperial examination system: The imperial examination system was gradually improved in the Tang Dynasty. Among the permanent examination subjects, the first and second subjects are the most important, and Emperor Taizong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong are the key figures to improve the imperial examination system. (1) Emperor Taizong: (1) Expand the scale, expand the school and increase the number of students; ② Strict admission of candidates (the admission rate of Jinshi is only 1.2%).
Wu Zetian: Wu Zetian founded the imperial examination system.
(2) Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty: ① During Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, it became the main examination content of Jinshi; ② Xuanzong personally interviewed candidates for eight times.
3, the influence of the imperial examination system:
(1) Perfect imperial examination system;
(2) The imperial examination system promoted its development;
(3) The imperial examination system promoted the development of the imperial examination;
Understand: The imperial examination system lasted for more than 1,300 years in China feudal society, and it was not abolished until the late Qing Dynasty.
Lesson 5 "Being with Family"
1. The so-called Tiankhan is. He called it that because of his ethnic policy.
2. What is the emperor who set up military and political institutions in the western regions?
3. People are the ancestors of Tibetans. At the beginning of the 7th century, the outstanding Tubo Tubo unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and made its capital more logical.
4. When Emperor Taizong married Songzan Gambu. Princess Wen's entry into Tubo strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Tubo, and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet. At the beginning of the 8th century, Tang Zhongzong married Tubo again. Tubo Zanpu wrote to the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, and Tubo and the Tang Dynasty had "become a family".
5. They are the ancestors of Uighurs. Its leader was named Huairen Khan by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and later renamed Uighur.
6. The residents here are the ancestors of Yi and Bai. Later, Nanzhao unified six imperial edicts, and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty made its leader the king of Yunnan.
7. Connection and collocation: Qianxunta Tubo Uyghur Jokhang Temple Nanzhao Tibet Potala Palace Uyghur Baiyi.
I. Analysis of key points and difficulties
Focus: Qing dynasty's "closed door" policy.
"Closed door" refers to the policy of strictly restricting and prohibiting foreign exchanges and trade in the Qing Dynasty. There are many reasons for this policy:
(1) Reasons: A. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty adhered to the policy of "agriculture-oriented, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce". The self-sufficient feudal economic stability made it unnecessary for people to have too much contact with the outside world. C, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty regarded China as a big country with self-sufficiency, which seriously affected the progress of China. D. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty were worried that the territorial sovereignty of the country would be violated by foreigners, and that the contacts between coastal people and foreigners would endanger their rule.
(2) Specific performance:
A. it is strictly forbidden for coastal people to engage in maritime trade without authorization. B Only four ports were opened, and then one port in Guangzhou was reduced to a foreign trade port. Strictly limit the types of imported goods and the load capacity of ships going to sea.
(3) Impact:
The Qing government implemented the policy of closing the country to the outside world for nearly 200 years, which played a certain role in self-defense against the aggression of western colonists. However, isolation means that we can't see the changes in the world situation, and we can't learn advanced scientific knowledge and production technology from the West in time, which makes China gradually fall behind in the world.
Fundamentally speaking, it is a passive defense policy, a policy that goes against the historical development trend, and finally leads the Qing Dynasty to break away from the world trend. Further lead to occlusion, stagnation and retrogression.
Difficulties: "The budding of capitalism" is a social and economic phenomenon, which refers to a production relationship. This kind of production relationship came into being in the late feudal society when the social economy developed to a certain condition.
① The conditions for the emergence of capitalism in Ming Dynasty: the development of commodity economy. After the mid-Ming dynasty, the textile industry for the purpose of producing goods gradually rose and developed into an independent handicraft factory in some areas in the south of the Yangtze River.
② Symbol of capitalism in Ming Dynasty: Suzhou had a "machine shop" with silk weaving as its industry, opened a computer room and hired technicians for production. The machine shop was an early capitalist. Machine is the early employment of workers, "machine users contribute, machine workers contribute", and this employment relationship is capitalist production relations.
③ The development of capitalism in Qing Dynasty was slow: the scale of handicraft workshops was enlarged and the division of labor was fine; There are more departments and regions where capitalism is budding, such as iron smelting in Guangdong, mining in Yunnan, salt cooking in Sichuan, logging in Shaanxi, coal mining in Beijing and sugar cooking in Taiwan Province Province. They all bred capitalism.
(4) Capitalism in China germinated almost at the same time as that in the West, but it developed slowly and could not enter the workshop handicraft stage for a long time. Throughout China, the self-sufficient feudal natural economy still dominates.
Factors hindering the budding development of capitalism-decadent feudal system: A, farmers suffered cruel feudal exploitation and extreme poverty, so they were unable to buy handicraft products from the market. B. Feudal countries pursued the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce", set up numerous checkpoints at home, devalued the social status of businessmen with heavy taxes on commodities, and strictly restricted the scale of handicraft production.
C landlords and businessmen will earn a lot of money to buy houses and land, which will seriously affect the expansion and reproduction of handicrafts. D. The Qing government adopted a closed-door policy and banned overseas trade many times.
(5) The emergence of capitalism shows that the feudal society in China has declined.
Second, the guidance of learning methods.
(1) Comprehensive method: Ming and Qing Dynasties were the last development stage of China's ancient history. We can classify, sort out and summarize the contents of economic development in past dynasties according to agriculture, handicrafts and commerce, and form a complete knowledge system. As follows:
1. Agriculture
(1) Crops: Hemudu aborigines grow rice and Banpo aborigines grow millet; Shang and Zhou Dynasties: "Five Grains"; In the Han Dynasty, wheat was planted in the north and rice was planted in the south. There were many new varieties of vegetables in Tang Dynasty, and tea production played an important role in agricultural production in the south of the Yangtze River. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhancheng rice was introduced from Vietnam.
In Song Dynasty, rice jumped to the first place in grain output; New varieties of high-yield crops, corn and sweet potato, were introduced from abroad in the Ming Dynasty.
(2) Tools: Shang and Zhou Dynasties: wood, stone, bone, clam (a small amount of bronze farm tools); Spring and Autumn Period: Iron farm tools appeared; During the Warring States period, the use of iron farm tools was expanded (the arrival of the Iron Age marked the remarkable improvement of social productivity in China); Tang Dynasty: Qu Yuan's Plow and Irrigation Tool Car.
(3) Farming techniques: Shang and Zhou Dynasties: seed selection, fertilization and pest control; Spring and Autumn Period: Cattle Raising and Communication (revolution of agricultural technology and agricultural power); Han dynasty: plowing without plowing, plowing and breaking ground, thousands of years earlier than Europe; Popularization of loading method of ox cart in Niu Geng in Western Han Dynasty.
(3) Water conservancy project: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: Du (Qin Dynasty during the Warring States Period); The Qin Dynasty dug a spiritual canal; Beijing-Hangzhou Canal in Sui Dynasty; Huitong River and Tonghui River in Yuan Dynasty
2. handicraft industry
(1) bronze casting: the main sector of handicraft industry in Shang and Zhou dynasties.
(2) Iron smelting industry: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: The use of iron farm tools shows the development of iron smelting industry. Eastern Han Dynasty: Du invented drainage and used hydraulic blast to smelt iron.
⑵ Ceramic industry: The primitive porcelain in Shang and Zhou Dynasties was a leap in the development of China ceramics. The Tang Dynasty is most famous for its tricolor, Yue kiln celadon and Xing kiln white porcelain. Jingdezhen, which rose in the Northern Song Dynasty, later became the porcelain capital.
(4) Textile industry: The silk industry in the Western Han Dynasty used jacquard machines with high dyeing technology. The stockings of the Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed in Xinjiang are very popular in Shu, and the silk of Shu is exported to the three countries. Silk products in the Northern Song Dynasty centered on Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the cotton textile industry expanded to the south of the Yangtze River. The rise of cotton textile industry indicates that cotton gradually replaces flax and becomes the main raw material of clothes and quilts. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, silk weaving was developed in Suzhou and Songjiang.
(5) Shipbuilding: During the Three Kingdoms period, the shipbuilding industry of Wu was developed, which promoted the development of maritime traffic. Shipbuilding technology in Song Dynasty had a place in the world, and Quanzhou and Guangzhou were shipbuilding centers.
(6) Paper industry: paper in the early Western Han Dynasty (paper with a map on Fangmatan in Tianshui, Gansu) is the earliest known paper in the world; 105, Cai Lun improved the papermaking technology "Cai Hou Paper" in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
3. Business
(1) City:
In the Han Dynasty, the city had a special business district called "City". Luoyang in the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, known as East and West Beijing, is one of the few big cities in the world. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chang 'an and Luoyang were national political and cultural centers and commercial metropolises. The commercial cities in the Yangtze River valley are centered on Yangzhou and Chengdu.
In the late Tang Dynasty, Yangzhou became the most prosperous industrial and commercial city in China. Kaifeng and Hangzhou, commercial cities in the Song Dynasty, had morning markets and night markets. Cities in Yuan Dynasty are summarized in the textbooks of economic development and "closed door" in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Most cities are level 7.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the domestic market expanded and a large number of agricultural products and handicrafts were put on the market. Beijing and Nanjing are national commercial cities; The economy extended to the countryside, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang towns, famous for their industry and commerce, rose.
(2) Transportation:
Sui Dynasty: Digging the Grand Canal. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, merchants also set up private shops in the main roads, equipped with "post donkeys"; Water transportation, mainly canals and the Yangtze River, is also very convenient. The transportation industry in Yuan Dynasty: the overland Silk Road across Europe and Asia: the opening of north-south shipping and inland shipping, and the digging of Huitong River and Tonghui River.
⑶ Currency: Qin Dynasty: unified currency, round currency.
Han Dynasty: The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin Dynasty system, with gold and copper coins as the main currency (five baht). The popularity of "Jiaozi" banknotes in the Northern Song Dynasty reflected the high development of commerce.
4. Foreign trade: During the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian sent a mission to the Western Regions, which further opened up the main road of communication and trade between China and the West-the Silk Road. After Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, merchants in the Western Han Dynasty also opened the Maritime Silk Road. In the Tang Dynasty, the government encouraged businessmen from all over the world to trade in China.
Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou and Yangzhou all have frequent foreign trade activities. The overseas trade in Song Dynasty surpassed the previous generation and became an important country engaged in overseas trade in the world at that time. Guangzhou and Quanzhou are large commercial ports in the civilized world, and the government has set up shipping departments in major ports to manage overseas trade.
5. Reasons for the economic development in the south of the Yangtze River:
(1) During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the development of agriculture in the south of the Yangtze River made the economy between the north and the south tend to be balanced, which laid the foundation for the economic center to move south.
After the Anshi Rebellion, China's economic center of gravity began to move south.
(3) During the Five Dynasties, the national economic center of gravity continued to move southward.
(4) During the Southern Song Dynasty, the economic center of the whole country had shifted from north to south, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang became the economic center of the whole country. There is a saying that "Su Hu is mature and the world is rich".
(B) accurate understanding of concepts: In the course of undergraduate study, many new historical concepts have emerged, which are difficult for students to understand. When learning basic knowledge, they must first master these basic concepts accurately.
Owner: China was specialized in manual and silk-cotton weaving in ancient times. Also known as machine repair workshop, computer room or computer room. From the Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the silk industry developed in Jiangnan, generally referring to individual craftsmen and silk merchants. The owner is an early capitalist, who owns a lot of capital, means of production and computer rooms and benefits from the production of workers. The second volume of the seventh grade, Economic Development and Closed Door in Ming and Qing Dynasties, was arranged.
Machines: Early employed workers get paid by working for machine operators.
The relationship between machine owners and machine workers: employment relationship and employment relationship, employment relationship and employment relationship, that is, capitalist production relationship.
Closed-door policy: Closed-door policy initially refers to closing the city gate, and later expanded to cut off contact. This refers to strict restrictions on foreign exchange. The Qing dynasty strictly implemented the policy of closing the country to the outside world. The concrete manifestation of the closed-door policy is the sea ban. On the one hand, China people are forbidden to conduct maritime trade; On the other hand, foreign businessmen are restricted to trade in China and only allowed to trade in Guangzhou.
(3) List method: The economic development in Ming and Qing Dynasties mainly focused on the development of agriculture, handicrafts, commerce and the germination of capitalism. Through the list, this paper summarizes and combs the performance of agricultural, handicraft and commercial development and the emergence of capitalist bud, thus reflecting the meaning of economic "development" in Ming and Qing Dynasties. And make us have a clear grasp of the historical knowledge system:
Imported crops: corn, sweet potato, potato, peanut, sunflower.
The introduction of cash crops will promote the development of agricultural commodity economy and provide raw materials for handicraft production; The development of agriculture and handicrafts is the basis of the development of commodity economy; The development of commodity economy leads to the rise of industrial and commercial towns; On the basis of the development of agriculture, handicrafts, commerce and cities, the seeds of capitalism have emerged.
There are cotton textile bases in the north and south of handicraft industry. Suzhou and Nanjing have successively become silk weaving centers; Jingdezhen, the national porcelain center, is a major commercial town, and Beijing and Nanjing are national commercial cities. The number of businessmen has greatly increased. Capitalism sprouted in the late Ming Dynasty. In the textile industry, there are machines that produce goods, and workers are employed to work for them. This is the bud of capitalism.