Its craft is the inheritance and breakthrough of traditional methods, the shapes of utensils are richer and more diverse, and the decorative patterns also summarize and absorb the patterns of many other nationalities. There are various processing methods of Bai silverware, especially after the introduction of new mechanized technology, the production scale has been further expanded.
By investigating the silverware and silverware of the Bai nationality in Yunnan from the patterns, we can trace back their historical and cultural background, blend with the surrounding ethnic groups, and see the influence of religious beliefs on their decorative forms. In a word, the survival, development and growth of Yunnan Bai silverware and silverware industry cannot be separated from historical objective reasons and national subjective reasons.
Keywords: social significance and cultural connotation of Yunnan Bai silverware With the development of transportation, communication and tourism, Yunnan silverware industry presents a mixed situation. The silverware processing of ethnic minorities in western Yunnan, southwestern Yunnan, northern Yunnan and northwestern Yunnan is in a stage of degradation, while the silverware industry in central Yunnan, northeastern Yunnan and Erhai Lake in Dali is in full swing.
Especially represented by Xinhua Village of Bai nationality in Heqing County, Dali Prefecture, its products cover the demand market of silverware and silverware in Yunnan Province and surrounding provinces. At present, the main products of Bai silverware are China silverware, Tibetan silverware and other ethnic silverware.
Because it involves a wide range, its shape, technology, pattern and other aspects have its specific social significance and cultural connotation. One.
The basic techniques of Bai silverware processing are hammering, welding, grinding, chiseling, filigree, hollowing out, etc., among which chiseling and filigree techniques are the most distinctive. 1。
Carving technology. Carving tools generally include a hammer and a set of steel chisels.
According to the shape change, pattern size and texture of the carved object, the chisel head is also ground into various shapes such as point, circle, square, flat, groove, crescent and petal. When processing, the operator holds the chisel in his left hand and the hammer in his right hand, and chooses the appropriate chisel at any time to carve a decorative chisel on the surface of the silver plate.
The carving techniques of Bai nationality mainly include positive carving, negative carving, flat carving and hollowing out. Positive chisel is widely used in large and medium-sized silverware, showing convex relief effect.
The mass production process is as follows: first, lead and tin are used as female molds, and silver pieces are repeatedly annealed and forged to form large shapes and coarse patterns of utensils. Then pour glue in the middle of this blank, and the viscosity of the glue should be moderate to ensure a certain elasticity when carving.
Finally, according to the drawn pattern, choose the chisel and gradually find out the subtle changes of ups and downs. Whether the carved lines are smooth, whether the image is full and whether the charm is vivid will fully reflect the advantages and disadvantages of silver jewelry workmanship.
Generally, Bai craftsmen begin to learn carving skills at the age of 12 or 13, and it usually takes 3-4 years to become skilled workers. China Jiulong pot (part) silver 2.
Filament technology. Weaving, stacking, kneading and welding extremely fine gold and silver wires to make various plane or three-dimensional graphic patterns is called filigree technology.
The filigree technology of Bai nationality is mainly used in Tibetan ornaments, tourism products and jewelry, among which Tibetan ornaments have the strictest requirements and the most exquisite craftsmanship. Tibetan ornaments are all large, mainly based on filigree technology combined with mosaic technology, and the patterns are complex and exquisite.
Take Tibetan milk hook as an example: the milk hook with a length of 260 mm and a width of 150 mm is made of about 750 grams of silver, and its shape is traditional Tibetan. The filament is twisted into a spiral pattern with symmetrical size, supplemented by wheat ear pattern and circular pattern. The outer line is a thick spiral pattern of filament winding, and there are vertical ribs with a height of 10 mm in the middle. Weld a circle of round beads at the joint between the cladding facade and the bottom plate.
All filaments are twisted together with 3-4 strands of fine silver, and then the twisted filaments are cut into sections of appropriate length and bent into various patterns with tweezers. Twisting process is similar to cloisonne. Filament welding powder has strict requirements, and the melting point will directly affect the quality of finished products.
Two. From the pattern, the main patterns of Bai silverware silver ornaments are dragon pattern, bird pattern, fish pattern, insect pattern, grass scroll pattern, treasure pattern, lotus pattern, palindrome pattern, string pattern, moire pattern, mountain pattern, water pattern and thunder pattern.
1。 Dragon pattern is the most common pattern.
The dragon pattern has horns, full scales and four claws, and it is powerful and domineering. They are often used with mountain patterns, water patterns and moire patterns. The themes of the performances are mostly two dragons playing with pearls, dragons leaving the East China Sea, Nine Dragons Wall and so on.
Most of the dragon patterns on silverware are embossed by men, while the dragon patterns on rings and bracelets are generally engraved by women. 2。
Curled grass pattern. There are many grass patterns on the bracelet.
Generally, linear steel chisels are used for intaglio carving on narrow silver pieces with a width of 18mm and a thickness of 8mm, and repeated and similar composition is adopted to balance the virtual and real space without redundant lines. Skilled silversmiths make a draft according to the width and length of silver pieces, and when they close the line, they are like flowing water in one go.
3。 The patterns are mostly baohua and lotus patterns.
Treasure petals are generally 6-9 petals, mainly single petals, and the flower heart is carved with small straight lines arranged radially. Treasure flowers are often used as the main pattern of jewelry decoration patterns, supplemented by grass-rolling patterns, which are arranged repeatedly. Generally, the pattern size is determined based on the bottom plate.
Lotus patterns are mostly found on large and medium-sized silverware and used as auxiliary patterns. Relief patterns are carved on the base of the vessel, often accompanied by chord patterns. There are other patterns on the ornaments, too. The bougainvillea is S-shaped, with intact vines, small flowers and 4-6 petals.
4。 Worm pattern and fish pattern.
These two patterns should belong to the traditional patterns of Bai nationality. Insect patterns are mainly butterfly patterns, which often appear on the upper and lower sides of bound flowers in the form of auxiliary patterns, and their styles are generally consistent with those of flowers.
Ancient bracelets often have abstract fish patterns, which are symmetrically repeated from left to right. The fish head and shark's fin are rhombic, the trunk is slender, and the tail is triangular and radial. The overall shape is a closed curve, with simple and bright lines, restrained radian and outward expansion, which is very elegant in China's paintings. 5。
Bird pattern. Crane stripes have the highest frequency and are mainly used for the decoration of large and medium-sized silverware. In a circular pattern, the wings are open, and the pattern of water is next to it.
In addition to circular composition, moire is also often used to pave the floor. Moire varies in size, smooth and curly, showing symmetrical patterns. The pattern is 5-7 mm higher than the surface of the vessel, with full layout and prominent main body.
6。 All kinds of ground patterns.
According to the different areas sold, different patterns are used in modeling. Moire, mountain, water and thunder patterns often appear on Han silverware; Back to the word line, line, line is extensive.
Second, when will the silver bracelet be engraved, such as labor scenes? With the process of modernization, the silver jewelry industry of the Bai nationality in Yunnan has also developed to a specific historical stage.
Its craft is the inheritance and breakthrough of traditional methods, the shapes of utensils are richer and more diverse, and the decorative patterns also summarize and absorb the patterns of many other nationalities. There are various processing methods of Bai silverware, especially after the introduction of new mechanized technology, the production scale has been further expanded.
By investigating the silverware and silverware of the Bai nationality in Yunnan from the patterns, we can trace back their historical and cultural background, blend with the surrounding ethnic groups, and see the influence of religious beliefs on their decorative forms. In a word, the survival, development and growth of Yunnan Bai silverware and silverware industry cannot be separated from historical objective reasons and national subjective reasons.
Keywords: social significance and cultural connotation of Yunnan Bai silverware With the development of transportation, communication and tourism, Yunnan silverware industry presents a mixed situation. The silverware processing of ethnic minorities in western Yunnan, southwestern Yunnan, northern Yunnan and northwestern Yunnan is in a stage of degradation, while the silverware industry in central Yunnan, northeastern Yunnan and Erhai Lake in Dali is in full swing.
Especially represented by Xinhua Village of Bai nationality in Heqing County, Dali Prefecture, its products cover the demand market of silverware and silverware in Yunnan Province and surrounding provinces. At present, the main products of Bai silverware are China silverware, Tibetan silverware and other ethnic silverware.
Because it involves a wide range, its shape, technology, pattern and other aspects have its specific social significance and cultural connotation. 1. The basic techniques of Bai silverware processing are hammering, welding, polishing, chiseling, filigree, hollowing out, etc., among which chiseling and filigree techniques are the most distinctive.
1. Carving technology. Carving tools generally include a hammer and a set of steel chisels.
According to the shape change, pattern size and texture of the carved object, the chisel head is also ground into various shapes such as point, circle, square, flat, groove, crescent and petal. When processing, the operator holds the chisel in his left hand and the hammer in his right hand, and chooses the appropriate chisel at any time to carve a decorative chisel on the surface of the silver plate.
The carving techniques of Bai nationality mainly include positive carving, negative carving, flat carving and hollowing out. Positive chisel is widely used in large and medium-sized silverware, showing convex relief effect.
The mass production process is as follows: first, lead and tin are used as female molds, and silver pieces are repeatedly annealed and forged to form large shapes and coarse patterns of utensils. Then pour glue in the middle of this blank, and the viscosity of the glue should be moderate to ensure a certain elasticity when carving.
Finally, according to the drawn pattern, choose the chisel and gradually find out the subtle changes of ups and downs. Whether the carved lines are smooth, whether the image is full and whether the charm is vivid will fully reflect the advantages and disadvantages of silver jewelry workmanship.
Generally, Bai craftsmen begin to learn carving skills at the age of 12 or 13, and it usually takes 3-4 years to become skilled workers. China Jiulong pot (part) silver 2. Filament technology.
Weaving, stacking, kneading and welding extremely fine gold and silver wires to make various plane or three-dimensional graphic patterns is called filigree technology. The filigree technology of Bai nationality is mainly used in Tibetan ornaments, tourism products and jewelry, among which Tibetan ornaments have the strictest requirements and the most exquisite craftsmanship.
Tibetan ornaments are all large, mainly based on filigree technology combined with mosaic technology, and the patterns are complex and exquisite. Take Tibetan milk hook as an example: the milk hook with a length of 260 mm and a width of 150 mm is made of about 750 grams of silver, and its shape is traditional Tibetan. The filament is twisted into a spiral pattern with symmetrical size, supplemented by wheat ear pattern and circular pattern. The outer line is a thick spiral pattern of filament winding, and there are vertical ribs with a height of 10 mm in the middle.
Weld a circle of round beads at the joint between the cladding facade and the bottom plate. All filaments are twisted together with 3-4 strands of fine silver, and then the twisted filaments are cut into sections of appropriate length and bent into various patterns with tweezers. Twisting process is similar to cloisonne.
Filament welding powder has strict requirements, and the melting point will directly affect the quality of finished products. 2. Judging from the patterns, the main patterns of Bai silverware silver ornaments are dragon pattern, bird pattern, fish pattern, insect pattern, grass scroll pattern, treasure pattern, lotus pattern, palindrome pattern, string pattern, cloud pattern, mountain pattern, water pattern and thunder pattern.
1. Dragon pattern is the most common pattern. The dragon pattern has horns, full scales and four claws, and it is powerful and domineering. They are often used with mountain patterns, water patterns and moire patterns.
The themes of the performances are mostly two dragons playing with pearls, dragons leaving the East China Sea, Nine Dragons Wall and so on. Most of the dragon patterns on silverware are embossed by men, while the dragon patterns on rings and bracelets are generally engraved by women.
2. Rolling grass patterns. There are many grass patterns on the bracelet.
Generally, linear steel chisels are used for intaglio carving on narrow silver pieces with a width of 18mm and a thickness of 8mm, and repeated and similar composition is adopted to balance the virtual and real space without redundant lines. Skilled silversmiths make a draft according to the width and length of silver pieces, and when they close the line, they are like flowing water in one go.
3. Patterns, mostly baohua and lotus patterns. Treasure petals are generally 6-9 petals, mainly single petals, and the flower heart is carved with small straight lines arranged radially.
Treasure flowers are often used as the main pattern of jewelry decoration patterns, supplemented by grass-rolling patterns, which are arranged repeatedly. Generally, the pattern size is determined based on the bottom plate. Lotus patterns are mostly found on large and medium-sized silverware and used as auxiliary patterns. Relief patterns are carved on the base of the vessel, often accompanied by chord patterns.
There are other patterns on the ornaments, too. The bougainvillea is S-shaped, with intact vines, small flowers and 4-6 petals. 4. Worm line and fishing line.
These two patterns should belong to the traditional patterns of Bai nationality. Insect patterns are mainly butterfly patterns, which often appear on the upper and lower sides of bound flowers in the form of auxiliary patterns, and their styles are generally consistent with those of flowers.
Ancient bracelets often have abstract fish patterns, which are symmetrically repeated from left to right. The fish head and shark's fin are rhombic, the trunk is slender, and the tail is triangular and radial. The overall shape is a closed curve, with simple and bright lines, restrained radian and outward expansion, which is very elegant in China's paintings. 5. Bird pattern.
Crane stripes have the highest frequency and are mainly used for the decoration of large and medium-sized silverware. In a circular pattern, the wings are open, and the pattern of water is next to it. In addition to circular composition, moire is also often used to pave the floor. Moire varies in size, smooth and curly, showing symmetrical patterns.
The pattern is 5-7 mm higher than the surface of the vessel, with full layout and prominent main body. 6. Various ground patterns.
According to the different areas sold, different patterns are used in modeling. Moire, mountain, water and thunder patterns often appear on Han silverware; Huizi pattern, pattern and endless pattern are widely used in Tibetan silverware decoration; .
3. Is the silver ornament of Shilipu in Dali, Yunnan really snowflake silver? 1. It is usually true, so many people buy it.
Yunnan Shilipu is a shop specializing in selling silverware.
Dali is located in the west of Yunnan Province. The full name is Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture.
4. Dali Town is a town under the jurisdiction of Dali City, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, and it is the location of the first batch of national historical and cultural cities. It covers an area of 57.9 square kilometers and has a population of 54,000. Dali Town, Dali City is one of the first 24 historical and cultural cities and one of the 44 national scenic spots in the State Council. It was once rated as an excellent tourist city in China.
5. Dali Town, Dali City is located in the ancient city of Dali and its surrounding areas. It has a subtropical monsoon climate, with no severe cold in winter and no heat in summer, and enjoys the reputation of "Geneva of the East". Erhai Lake in the east, Cangshan Mountain in the west, Xiaguan Town and Yinqiao Town in the south and north, respectively, forming a landscape environment pattern of "Cangshan is surrounded by water and Cangshan embraces the ancient city", which is both rigid and flexible. With unique natural resources, rich historical relics and cultural landscapes, it is an excellent tourist town in China, a famous historical and cultural city, a national scenic spot, a national nature reserve and a national town with beautiful environment.
6. Dali City is one of the earliest birthplaces in Yunnan. Dali Town is located in a special geographical position in Dali City and has far-reaching historical origins. According to archaeological excavations, Neolithic sites are widely distributed around plateau lakes centered on Erhai Lake. The ancestors of Bai and Yi people planted rice and domesticated livestock in this beautiful and rich land, engaged in gathering, fishing and hunting, and created an ancient Dali civilization. In 109 BC, Yu Ye County of Dali was subordinate to Yizhou County. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it belonged to Yongchang County.
7. Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms and the Eastern Jin Dynasty belonged to Yunnan County; Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties belonged to Dongheyang County. Sui belongs to Nanning. In the middle of the 7th century, six ethnic tribes appeared in Erhai Lake area, which was called "Liu Zhao" in history. In 738 AD, Nanzhao unified Erhai Lake area, established Nanzhao Kingdom, and made Taihe City its capital. In 779 AD, Yangmaocheng was established as the capital. Dali today is the central administrative region of Nanzhao. In 937 AD, our time at sea made Duan Siping establish Dali Kingdom, with Yang Mao as its capital.
8. Dali Army Headquarters was established in Yuan Dynasty, Dali in Qing Dynasty, Taihe County and Zhaozhou. After the Revolution of 1911, Taihe County was changed to Dali County, and Zhaozhou was changed to Zhaoxian County. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Dali County, Fengyi County and Shimonoseki City were successively established. Dali county can be said to be the predecessor of Dali town.