1. The so-called slave country is a tool used by slave owners to oppress and rule slaves, and it maintains the exploitation form of slavery.

It is a superstructure based on the slave ownership economy.

2. The essence of a slave country is reflected and embodied through its functions, which mainly have two functions, namely:

& lt 1 & gt； Internal function:

(1) One way to control the oppressed people, such as slaves and the free poor, is to suppress slave resistance by extremely cruel means and implement naked violent rule (the famous uprising in this period was the slave uprising led by "Spartak").

(2) Another way for the state to control the oppressed class is to use religion as a spiritual weapon to paralyze the rebellious spirit of slaves and freemen.

& lt2>'s external function is to invade the territory of other countries or defend its own territory from foreign aggression.

3. Forms of rule in slave countries:

& lt 1 & gt； Slavery countries in the ancient East, such as "Egypt, Babylon, Azov, Persia" and other countries, all adopted monarchy, which is the so-called oriental tyranny.

& lt2> Athens, the Greek city-state, adopts slave-owner class democracy, and the highest authority is the people's congress.

& lt3> In ancient Rome, Sparta and other slave countries, the aristocratic system was adopted.

The "Senate" in ancient Rome and the "Presbyterian Church" in Sparta held important power.

Second, the feudal state.

1. The so-called feudal state is a tool used by the feudal landlord class to oppress and rule farmers. It maintained the form of feudal exploitation and was a superstructure built on the basis of feudal economy.

2. There are four main forms of land ownership in feudal society:

& lt 1 & gt； Territorial possession system is the dominant form of feudal land ownership in western feudal society.

& lt2> Landlord Ownership System is the main form of land ownership in China feudal society.

& lt3> State-owned system, feudal land state-owned system is to occupy land in the name of the country. There are five forms of land state ownership in the early feudal society of China, namely:

A: cultivated land, b: cultivated land, c: professional land, d: farm, e: even land.

& lt4> The yeoman farming system is a land system in which farmers own cultivated land, that is, the so-called "one husband, five people, one hundred mu of land".

Abstract: It is the territorial possession system of western feudal society that plays a decisive role in feudal countries; The feudal society in China was the system of landlord possession.

3. The different characteristics of Chinese and western feudal countries are shown in the following three aspects.

& lt 1 & gt； From the perspective of national structure: (1) Western countries adopted the system of enfeoffment and separatist regime, and later the economic base turned to landlord system (an economic form of transition from feudal system to capitalist system); (2) China is a centralized system, which is the product of the landlord economy, and the economic base is the landlord system of production relations.

& lt2> From the perspective of power structure, (1) Western countries adopted a hierarchical power structure based on territorial enfeoffment, which is an important feature of western feudal countries; (2) China is a bureaucratic system, which is characterized by: (a) it is an authority composed of full-time officials; B) Within the bureaucratic group, official positions are strictly organized according to grades, forming a bureaucratic hierarchy of nine grades and thirty grades.

C: Feudal bureaucrats enjoyed privileges by rank and became the core of bureaucrats.

& lt3> From the perspective of political culture, (1) Western countries directly monopolize the political and cultural fields by using religion, and the integration of politics and religion is a common phenomenon. Its characteristics are: a) it is an idea, which is manifested as doctrine and dogma; B: It is an organization, manifested in the church (enjoying extensive judicial power and having a judicial organ-the Inquisition). (2) China feudal society never had the right to directly interfere in politics. The only religion produced in China is Taoism, which originated from the "inaction" philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi in the pre-Qin period, and it has a nihilistic tendency of being divorced from politics, so it adopted the practice of religiousizing Confucius' ethical philosophy.

(Note: In feudal society, the unified household registration system was "village or garbo organization").

Three. Capitalist countries

The so-called capitalist country is a country established after the bourgeois revolution to oppose the feudal system and a tool to safeguard the capitalist relations of production and the fundamental interests of the bourgeoisie.

-The fourth chapter introduces in detail.

Fourth, socialist countries.

1. The so-called socialist country is established on the basis of the contradiction between the private possession of the means of production and the socialization of production in capitalist society. The proletariat represents the new productive forces, and according to the fundamental interests of the proletariat and the broad masses of working people, it shattered the old capitalist state machine.

2. Socialist country is a political form based on socialist economy.