1. Women in matrilineal society play a leading role in society; Patriarchal clan society is dominated by men, while children in matriarchal clan society "only know their mother, but not their father"; Children in patriarchal society "know their father as well as Anemarrhena". In the later period of patriarchal society, productivity was further improved, private ownership and slavery appeared, and primitive society disintegrated.

2. Caste system: formed in the process of Aryans invading India. Society is divided into four levels: Brahman, Khrushchev, Vedas and sudra. The lower classes are not allowed to engage in the occupations of the upper classes, and different grades are not allowed to marry. ? Influence: It intensified the social contradictions at that time and had a bad influence on the development of Indian society later.

3. Content of the reform: establish a centralized imperial feudal country politically and abolish the aristocratic hereditary system in order to elect officials. Economically, the aristocratic land was recovered as state-owned and the people became nationals; Distribute the land to farmers for farming and collect taxes regularly.

4. The emergence of the early bourgeoisie: in the process of the development of western European cities, the citizen class was formed, and the wealthy businessmen and bankers (craftsmen, businessmen and bankers) in the citizen class developed into the early bourgeoisie. It created conditions for the rise of capitalism.

5. Because western European cities were born in the territory of churches or feudal lords, feudal lords intensified the exploitation of urban citizens and made class contradictions increasingly acute. 12 century, the citizens of Cheng Lang, France, fought against the feudal lords for 10 years-the citizens fought for urban autonomy.