When it comes to history and politics, the first thing that many people think of is rote learning.
For high school history, many beginners always feel that history is very complicated. The knowledge points in the book are only presented to you according to the chapters, and there is no complete system. If you want to learn high school history well, you can't learn it well simply by reading the book. In the later comprehensive part, you will find it difficult!
Although memory is a necessary way to accumulate basic knowledge, you must do it no matter which subject you study. However, most students will find that although they recite hard, they will hardly test what they have recited during the exam.
Now more and more attention is paid to the analysis and understanding of students, induction and summary, and the investigation of knowledge transfer ability, and the content of rote learning is basically not tested. If we simply rely on the backrest to solve the learning problem, it is very passive in the current examination environment.
I have observed many "historical" scholars and found that they basically have one characteristic, that is, their ability to summarize, analyze and summarize is very strong. There may not be many answers written on their test papers, but they can all get to the point, and their scores are naturally not low. Everyone should train their ability in this aspect in their usual practice, don't scribble like headless flies, and then it won't hurt!
Today, I compiled a summary of compulsory one, compulsory two and compulsory three in high school history (People's Education Edition). These materials are combined with textbooks and college entrance examination, which are classified and summarized from the overall point of view, more intuitive and specific, and easier to review. Architectural history is not a good partner, you can watch and learn!
compulsory course
Unit 1: China's ancient political system.
Lesson 1 kaodian
Focus: the patriarchal system of enfeoffment in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
1, Xia was the first dynasty in Chinese history, and the early national political system in China began in Xia.
2. The establishment of the hereditary system of the throne is an important symbol of China's transition from primitive society to slave society.
3. enfeoffment system
Features: Zhou is the common master of the vassal, and the vassal is a vassal.
Significance: strengthen the rule and consolidate the kingship.
4. The biggest characteristics of the patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty are: the first eldest son inheritance system; Influence: Ensuring the monopoly position of nobles is conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.
5. The patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty was a political system that was mutually exclusive to the enfeoffment system.
6. The hereditary system of the throne, the patriarchal clan system and the enfeoffment system together constitute the main body of the political system in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which has had a far-reaching impact on China society.
Lesson 2 kaodian
Focus: the formation of centralization in Qin Dynasty.
Difficulties: the role and influence of Qin dynasty in establishing centralization.
1. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China.
2. The formation of centralization.
(1) Mikado System: ① Origin of the title of "Emperor" ② Mikado System: The emperor is exclusive, the imperial power is supreme, and the throne is hereditary ③ The core content of Mikado System: the imperial power is supreme and the emperor is dictatorial.
(2) The central "three public officials and nine ministers" system and the local county system: ① The characteristics of the central bureaucracy in the Qin Dynasty: first, the central administrative system centered on imperial power; Second, it fully embodies the characteristics of "home is the world". (The ruling feature of feudal times-the state and the family ruled together) ② Abolishing the system of enfeoffment and implementing the system of counties and counties is a fundamental change in establishing centralization. County was the highest administrative unit of the central government of Qin Dynasty.
3. Measures to consolidate reunification: ① Promulgating the Qin Law; (2) unified measurement, currency and railways; (3) unified text.
4. The influence of centralization in Qin Dynasty;
The influence of (1) on Qin Dynasty: ① it was beneficial to the development of feudal economy and culture; (2) initially lay the territory of the motherland, consolidate national unity, and (3) form the Chinese nation with Huaxia as the main body. (4) The autocratic rule of the landlord class over the broad masses of the people was established, and the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty worsened the people's situation.
(2) Influence on later generations: The political system of centralized and autocratic rule established by the Qin Dynasty was very groundbreaking, which laid the basic pattern of China's feudal political system for more than 2,000 years, which was used by feudal dynasties in past dynasties and was constantly strengthened and improved.
Lesson 3 kaodian
Focus: The main features of China's ancient political system.
1. The characteristics of the central political system in the Han Dynasty: Han inherited the Qin system of "China's Korea" and "Foreign Korea".
2. The characteristics of the central political system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: the system of three provinces and six departments gradually formed.
3. The system of three provinces and six departments in ancient China was perfected in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
4. The characteristics of the political system in the Song Dynasty: constantly weakening and dividing the power of the prime minister, and further strengthening the imperial power.
5. "Erfu" in Song Dynasty: Zhongshumen was the highest administrative organ; The Privy Council is the highest military and political body. Participate in politics-deputy minister, with executive power of the Prime Minister; The three secrets-managing finance and dividing the financial power of the prime minister.
6. The characteristics of the central political system in Yuan Dynasty: new progress was made in integrating the political system of Han and Mongolia and strengthening the imperial power. Zhongshu Province-the highest administrative organ; Privy Council-the highest military organ. The institution in charge of religious affairs and Tibet in Yuan Dynasty was Zheng Xuan Academy.
7. The beginning of China's provincial system is: the provincial system in Yuan Dynasty; The establishment of the provincial system in Yuan Dynasty was a major change in the local administrative system. County system (Qin Dynasty)-county parallel system and county three-level system (Han Dynasty)-county two-level system (Sui-Song Dynasty)-provincial system.
8. The main features of China's ancient political system:
(1) The continuous strengthening of autocratic centralization is its development track.
(2) In the central government, the relative power is weakened and the monarchical power is strengthened. In the relationship between the central government and local governments, the central government strictly controls local political power and does not allow an independent administrative system to exist.
(3) Local officials must obey their superiors, local governments obey the central authorities and finally the central authorities.
Lesson 4 kaodian
Emphasis: measures to strengthen absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1, Ming Taizu abolished the prime minister system in China, and solved the contradiction between monarchical power and relative power-the absolute monarchy was strengthened.
2. After the abolition of the prime minister system in Ming Dynasty, in order to reduce the work pressure of the emperor, the cabinet was added.
3. The difference between the prime minister system and the cabinet system: the prime minister is endowed with decision-making power by the system and his position is very stable. The cabinet is only an advisory body of the emperor's attendants and has no decision-making power.
4. Distinguish the essential difference between the cabinet system in Ming Dynasty and the cabinet system in modern western countries: the cabinet is the product of autocratic imperial power, which safeguards the absolute power of the monarch, ensures the effective rule of the monarch over the whole country, and further consolidates the supremacy of imperial power. Modern western cabinet is a political and democratic supervision mechanism, which helps to prevent autocracy.
5. The symbol of the development of absolute monarchy in China is that Yong Zhengdi set up a military department in Qing Dynasty.
6. Strengthening the influence of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Positive role: It is helpful to the unification and consolidation of multi-ethnic countries, and social stability, economic development and cultural prosperity provide political guarantee for the emergence of the prosperous period of Kanggan.
Negative effects: It has seriously stifled social creativity, hindered the budding development of capitalism and slowed down the pace of social development, which is one of the main reasons why China lags behind the West.
Unit 2: The invasion of foreign forces and the resistance struggle of China people.
Lesson 1 kaodian
Focus: Opium War and Sino-British treaty of nanking; Sino-Japanese War and treaty of shimonoseki; Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China and the Treaty of Xin Chou: Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China and the Treaty of Xin Chou.
1. Britain took the lead in completing the industrial revolution and became a capitalist power.
2. Causes of the Opium War: (root cause, direct cause) Root cause: The fundamental purpose of Britain's opium war was to turn China into its raw material producing area and commodity market (Britain decided to open the China market) Direct cause: Lin Zexu destroyed opium in Humen.
3. The first opium war took place from 1840 to 1842.
4. The typical example of China people's spontaneous anti-aggression during the First Opium War was the anti-aggression struggle of Sanyuanli people.
5. The first unequal treaty in modern China was the Sino-British treaty of nanking.
6. The "five-port trade" and "tariff agreement" in treaty of nanking reflect the fundamental purpose of the British war of aggression against China.
7. The influence of the First Opium War on China was manifested in three aspects:
(1) changes in social nature: from feudal society to semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
(2) The main contradiction in China society has changed: the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class has begun to change into the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, and the contradiction between feudalism and the people. The former has become the most important contradiction in China society.
(3) The change of revolutionary nature: from peasant revolution to anti-imperialist and anti-feudal old democratic revolution.
7. The Opium War was the beginning of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
8. The burning of Yuanmingyuan occurred during the Second Opium War (1960) when the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing.
9. Evolution of social nature in China:
(1) The Opium War made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
(2)( 1856—— 1860) During the Second Opium War, China was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty and the Beijing Treaty, which deepened the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.
(3)( 1894—— 1895) During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China was forced to sign the Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki, which marked a new stage of foreign aggression against China and greatly deepened China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
(4) (1899-1900) Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, and was forced to sign the treaty of shame and shame in190/kloc-0. The signing of the Xin Chou Treaty marks the signing of the Sino-Xin Chou Treaty and the Xin Chou Treaty, and marks the complete semi-colonial and semi-feudal China.
10, sorting out the problems in Taiwan Province province: 1895, treaty of shimonoseki was occupied by Japan, 1945, Japan surrendered to China, 1949, Chiang Kai-shek occupied Taiwan Province province, 1950, the United States invaded Korea and drove the Seventh Fleet into the strait of Taiwan Province province in China,/kloc-0.
Lesson 2 kaodian
Focus: the national war of resistance.
1 The Lugouqiao Incident was the beginning of Japanese imperialism's all-round invasion of China and China's national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
2. China War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is a national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression under the banner of the Anti-Japanese National United Front. The establishment of the United front is determined by the principal contradiction in China society, which is in line with the overall interests of the Chinese nation.
3. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression always has two battlefields and two routes, namely, the frontal battlefield led by the Kuomintang and the one-sided anti-Japanese war route; Battlefield behind enemy lines and the all-round anti-Japanese war line led by * * *. The two battlefields cooperate and support each other.
4. At the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang organized the Battle of Songhu, the Battle of Taiyuan, the Battle of Xuzhou and the Battle of Wuhan.
5. The victory of Pingxingguan in Taiyuan Campaign (1September 25th, 937) was the first victory since the Anti-Japanese War, which typically demonstrated the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party in resisting Japan.
More than 63,000 compatriots were killed by Japanese devils in the terrible "Nanjing Massacre" created by Japanese aggressors. The Nanjing Massacre was a heinous crime committed by the Japanese army against China's soldiers and civilians, with irrefutable historical facts and evidence.
7. 1940 Hundred Regiments War was a large-scale campaign in which China and China troops took the initiative to attack the Japanese.
8. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's Victory: 100 For the first time in many years, the people of China won a complete victory against imperialist aggression, which enhanced the national self-esteem and self-confidence of the people throughout the country.
9. The fundamental reason for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory was the national war of resistance.
10, the performance of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of the whole nation-the cooperation between the front battlefield of the Kuomintang and the battlefield behind the enemy lines of the Chinese Communist Party.