The Opium War was the first Sino-British War. Britain usually calls it the First Sino-British War or "Trade War", which was a war of aggression launched by Britain against China from 1840 to 1842, and it was also the beginning of the modern history of China.

1840 (20 years of Daoguang), the British government decided to send an expeditionary force to invade China on the pretext that Lin Zexu and Humen destroyed opium. In June, 1840, 47 British ships with 4,000 troops, led by Major General george elliot and Charles Elliot, commercial director of China, arrived outside the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong, blocked the Haikou, and the Opium War began.

2. The Second Opium War

1860, British and French troops invaded Beijing, and the Qing emperor fled to Chengde. British and French troops invaded Yuanmingyuan, plundered jewels and burned them. After Russia sent troops to participate in the war, it claimed that "mediation was successful" and coerced the Qing government to cede more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory, becoming the biggest winner. The war ended with the Qing government being forced to sign the Beijing Treaty.

The Second Opium War was a war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States. In order to further open the China market and expand the interests of aggression in China, Britain and France used the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in China as an excuse to jointly attack the Qing government under the pretext of Yarrow Incident and Ma Fu Incident.

This is a war of aggression against China launched by Britain and France to expand the rights and interests of aggression. The American and Russian fishermen benefit. The Tianjin Treaty and the Beijing Treaty signed by the four countries forced the Qing government to lose more territory and sovereignty in China, and foreign aggression expanded to coastal provinces and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The degree of semi-colonization of China society has further deepened.

3. Sino-French War

The Sino-French War was also a war of the Qing Dynasty (French: GuerrerFranco-Chinoise), which lasted from1February 883 to1April 885 (Guangxu1February 9 to February1day). The first stage of the battlefield was in northern Vietnam; The second phase extended to the southeast coast of China.

In the course of the war, although France, the sea and the navy gained the upper hand in most battles, they could not achieve strategic victory: although the French Far East Fleet won a great victory in the naval battle and once captured Keelung, it could not achieve the strategic goal of winning the island of Taiwan Province Province due to the defeat and epidemic situation of the battle from Huwei (now Danshui Town, Taipei County);

Although the Qing army suffered a disastrous defeat in the early stage, it was led by Prince Gong. The military department and foreman were completely replaced (Shen Jiayi), but the defense of Taiwan Province and Hangzhou Bay was successful in the later period. Feng Zicai commanded the battle of Nanguan in various towns, which brought heavy casualties to the French army, and the French commander nigri was also seriously injured. The failure of the war directly led to the collective collapse of French Prime Minister Rufyiri and other cabinets.

4. Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

The Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 (Japanese War, Korean Peninsula War, Sino-Japanese War/First Sino-Japanese War) was a war of Japanese aggression against China and Korea at the end of 19. According to China's calendar, 1894, the time when the war broke out was the Sino-Japanese War, so it was called the Sino-Japanese War.

During the Meiji Restoration, Japan embarked on the capitalist road, actively invaded and expanded abroad, and determined a "mainland policy" centered on China. At this time, the Qing Dynasty was an empire exposed to the world through the Westernization Movement, with political corruption, poor people's lives, intrigue among various factions in the officialdom, strong national defense and military, and lax discipline.

The world's major capitalist countries are gradually transitioning to imperialism, and Japan's aggression has been supported by western powers to some extent.

5. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China.

Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China (siege of international war) refers to the war of armed aggression against the Qing Empire on May 28th, 1900 (the 26th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty), which was composed of eight major countries: the British Empire, the United States of America, the Third Republic of France, the German Empire, the Russian Empire, the Japanese Empire, the Italian Kingdom and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

1900 Spring, the Boxer Rebellion became the fuse of Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China. Eight-Nation Alliance used this as an excuse to carve up and plunder the Qing Empire in the name of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Modern History of China