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Our ancient ancestors

1. Humans evolved from an ancient ape, and whether they can make tools is the fundamental difference between humans and animals.

2. The earliest hominid discovered in China was Yuanmou Man, about 6,543.8+0.7 million years ago, located in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province.

3. The people who left the most fossil remains were Beijingers, who lived in groups 700,000 to 200,000 years ago, made and used stone tools (paleolithic) and used natural fire.

Lesson 2 primitive farming life

1. Two representatives of primitive farming culture in China: Banpo Primitive Man and Hemudu Primitive Man.

2. North of the Yellow River Basin: The primitive inhabitants of Banpo who lived in Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province about 8,000 years ago, planted millet, raised livestock, used ground stone tools (Neolithic tools), built semi-crypt houses and made painted pottery (Banpo painted pottery pots with fish patterns).

3. Jiangnan Basin: The original inhabitants of Hemudu lived in Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province, growing rice, raising pigs and dogs, using ground stone tools (Neolithic tools) and building hedgerow houses.

China is the first country in the world to grow rice and millet.

5. The main reason for the cultural differences between North and South is the different climatic conditions between North and South.

Lesson 3 Magical Ancient Legends

1. Huangdi Tribe and Yan Di Tribe defeated Chiyou in Zhuolu and formed an alliance from then on. After long-term development, they formed the future Chinese nation. Huaxia nationality is the predecessor of the Han nationality and the backbone of the Chinese nation.

2. The Yellow Emperor is the ancestor of China people.

3. The tribal leaders before and after the Yellow River Basin were Yan Di, Huangdi and Chiyou; Yao, Shun and Yu.

4. The abdication system: it is the practice of recommending leaders by primitive democracy in ancient China.

Lesson 4 From Xia Chuanzi's Family to the World

1. Dayu is a water control hero in the legendary era. The way to control water is "sparse".

2. In 2070 BC, Yu established the first dynasty in the history of China: Xia, which marked the birth of China. (Capital: Yangcheng)

3. Inheriting the father's position marks that the hereditary system of the throne has replaced the abdication system.

4. Tribal leaders of Shang Dynasty destroyed Jie, the last king of Xia Dynasty, and established Shang Dynasty, with its capital in Bo.

5. King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved the capital to Yin, which was also called Yin in Shang Dynasty.

Lesson 6 Packages in the Western Zhou Dynasty

1. King Wu's conquest week was a just war. The Battle of Makino, Shang Zhouwang defeated and committed suicide, the Shang Dynasty perished, and the Western Zhou Dynasty was established.

2. The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty

Objective: to strengthen the rule over various places;

Methods: Zhou Wang distributed the land and subjects to the royal family, heroes and descendants of the old nobles, and established a vassal state;

Duties of vassals: guarding the territory, sending troops to serve the king, paying tribute and appearing before the court regularly;

Function: consolidate and expand the rule and accelerate the development of the national economy.

3. The patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty

Core: eldest son inheritance system

Function: maintaining the political hierarchy of the Western Zhou Dynasty and stabilizing social order.

4. The last monarch of the Western Zhou Dynasty was Zhou Youwang, and the idiom story related to him was "Playing with the Prince with a bonfire".

5. The founder of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty is Zhou Pingwang, and the capital is Luoyi.

Lesson 7 Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Bronzes

1. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the oldest writing in China, carved on Oracle bones and animal bones unearthed in Yin Ruins. (The source of Chinese characters in China)

2. The written history of our country began in Shang Dynasty.

3. The ancient bronze technology in China was produced and developed in Xia and Shang Dynasties.

4. Bronze craft is an important symbol of Shang and Zhou civilizations, and Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are called the Bronze Age.

The largest bronze ware known in China is Simu Wuding.

6. The words engraved on the bronzes are called inscriptions on bronze, also called Zhong Dingwen.

Lesson 8 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

1. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

2. The reasons for the hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period:

(1) the weakness of the zhou royal family.

(2) between the vassal states in order to compete for land, population and dominate the power of other countries.

3. The essence of hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period: vassal states fought for land, population and the power to dominate other countries.

4. The five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong (the first tyrant, whose flag is "respecting the king and resisting foreigners", and the symbol of establishing its hegemony: Kui Qiu Huimeng), Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, Wu and Lu Wang, and Gou Jian (the last tyrant in the Spring and Autumn Period).

5. The idiom "Avoid Three Houses" comes from the war between Chengdu and Pudong, and the warring sides are Jin and Chu.

6. Seven Heroes of the Warring States: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han (orientation: southeast, northwest, rear and central)

7. The "three tribes" divided into Jin refer to North Korea, Zhao and Wei.

Lesson 9 Major social changes during the Warring States Period

1. Iron farm tools and Niu Geng were used in the Spring and Autumn Period and popularized in the Warring States Period.

2. The significance of iron farm tools and popularization in Niu Geng:

① Promote the development of agricultural production.

(2) promoting social change.

3. During the Warring States Period, the earliest political reform was Wei and the most effective was Qin.

4. Shang Yang Reform

(1) background:

The economic strength of the emerging landlord class has increased, demanding political rights and abolishing aristocratic privileges.

(2) In order to make Qiang Bing rich, the vassal states carried out political reforms in succession.

(2) Purpose: Qiang Bing, a rich country (funded by Qin Qin Hong Xiao).

(3) Contents: ① Admit that land is private and allow free trading; (2) Reward farming; (3) the county system.

(4) Role: ① Abolish the old system, promote agricultural development and improve combat effectiveness.

(2) Qin's national strength soared, becoming the strongest country among the Seven Heroes, which laid the foundation for the unification of Qin.

Science, Technology and Literature in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

1. During the Warring States Period, the most famous water conservancy project was Dujiangyan, which was built by Li Bing and his son.

2. Dujiangyan is composed of diversion dike, treasure bottle mouth and flying sand weir, which is used for flood control and irrigation.

3. The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, which consists of Feng, Ya and Ode, among which Feng is the essence of the Book of Songs.

4. The most famous poet in the Warring States Period was Qu Yuan, who created a new poetic genre, Chu Ci, and his masterpiece was Li Sao.

5. The music education system was formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

6. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, painting became an independent art. The picture of a woman with a phoenix and the picture of a dragon are the oldest silk paintings in China.

contention of a hundred schools of thought

1. Confucius was a native of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the founder of Confucianism. The core of thought is benevolence.

2. Mencius believed that "the people are more important than the monarch", advocated "benevolent government" and opposed the merger war.

3. The founder of Mohism is Mozi, who advocates mutual love, opposes unjust wars, advocates selecting talents and appointing people, and advocates frugality.

The founder of Taoist school is Laozi, who advocates inaction. The representative figure in the Warring States Period was Zhuangzi, who believed that man could not conquer nature and held a happy attitude towards real life.

5. The representative of Legalism is Han Fei, who believes that history is developing forward and advocates the centralization of monarchy and the rule of law.

Bi Yi, the Six Heavenly Kings

1. Conditions for the unification of Qin:

① Shang Yang's political reform strengthened the national strength of Qin State and laid the foundation for its unification.

(2) Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, formulated a correct unified policy.

The people long for stability and peace.

(4) The integration of all ethnic groups provides a foundation for unity.

⑤ The annexation war achieved partial reunification, which laid the foundation for national reunification.

2. The establishment of the Qin Dynasty: The time was 22 1 year BC, with Xianyang as its capital and Ying Zheng as the founding emperor.

3. The significance of Qin unification:

(1) ended the long-term division and melee since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

(2) Created a new situation of unification. Since then, unification has always been the mainstream of China's historical development.

(3) Established the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China.

4. Measures to consolidate reunification

⑴ Politics: The establishment of centralization has been in use in China for more than 2,000 years, which has a far-reaching impact on the history of China.

(1) Supreme Ruler: Claiming to be the first emperor-commanding all power.

(2) Central Committee: Prime Minister, Qiu Wei and imperial envoys-appointed and removed by the emperor, and absolutely obeyed by the emperor.

(3) Land: the county system is implemented-the emperor is directly appointed and removed, and the central government strengthens local rule.

⑵ Economy: Unified currency (half penny) and weights and measures-promoting economic and cultural exchanges and safeguarding national unity.

⑶ Culture: Unified script (Xiao Zhuan)

⑷ Military: Building the Great Wall-from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east.

5] Thought: burning books to bury Confucianism-destroying culture and restricting people's thoughts.

5. The territory of the Qin Dynasty: East to the East China Sea, south to the South China Sea, west to Longxi and north to the Great Wall, was one of the largest countries in the world at that time.

Qin Shihuang's evaluation: monarchs with great achievements in China's history (such as unifying the six countries); But there is also a cruel side (burning books to bury Confucianism).