The Development of Foreign Ceramic Art
The 20th century was initiated by Kazuo Yagi of Japan? Go to the mud club? As a pioneer, it created the situation of modern new ceramic art movement and endowed the international ceramic art world with new vitality.
In the United States, the workshop pottery movement was also launched in the 1920s. At the end of 1980s, American ceramic industry entered a new period of washing, compromise, skill and expansion.
Because the history of American ceramic art is not long, great ceramists try their best to learn while respecting the folk craft traditions of ceramic art in various regions of the world, but they don't regard all traditional things as desirable. Most of them have systematically studied art history in art colleges, and have been exposed to, understood and mastered the existing traditional production techniques. People call these people artists different from craftsmen.
The debate on the concept of ceramic art in American ceramic circles focuses on how to define the concept of ceramic works. Represented by art galleries, practitioners, critics and upper-class ceramic collectors, it is believed that anything made of clay, whether glazed or not, whether pottery, porcelain and utensils are miscellaneous or abstract, can be called art (that is, pottery). The existence of this concept has affected the promotion market of galleries and ceramics. Another view is that tapestry should be defined from a technical point of view.
The works of modern American ceramists are widely concerned by critics every year. The number of ceramic professional galleries has obviously increased than before, and ceramic reviews have also been brought into the art field. This means that the knowledge of ceramic works is very different from that of ceramic monthly and American ceramics, which are classified as pure art publications. The concept debate is manifested in how American society understands ceramic works. How to evaluate? It depends on art or craft. This argument is quite fierce.
Due to the influence of Japanese ceramic tradition and many European artists who accept it, we can see that many ceramic works imitate oriental ancient customs, but this is not the general trend, because works with oriental flavor are too inconsistent with American character and temperament in any way. However, it is still a form adopted by many ceramists as a pure form (a metaphorical container to express the thoughts of a certain week). Recently, various non-ceramic materials have been added to ceramic works to obtain comprehensive properties. For example, wipe the surface with acrylic pigment, or add materials such as stone, wood and paper. In order to deepen the theme of the work.
It can be considered that the theme of American ceramic works is divided from many angles. Compared with any other differences, this difference has been expanded in terms of freedom and diversity. How to seek to express the remarkable characteristics of today's ceramic art on the theme also shows the personality that the author can pursue to form.
In view of the current situation in the field of domestic antique art market appraisal, our authoritative and powerful expert team in the United Nations uses advanced appraisal instruments and technologies at home and abroad, collects expert experience, scientifically analyzes physical and chemical components, and provides appraisal services for national collectors' collections, thus providing a fair, just and open service platform for domestic antique art lovers.
On the history and culture of foreign ceramics
Foreign ceramics have a long history and culture, and the main ceramics are owned by Japan, Korea, France, Britain and Germany.
I. Japan
Historical and cultural background of ceramics: About 10,000 years ago, Japan began to make pottery, which was named rope pottery and yayoi pottery according to different times and styles. It is generally believed that Japanese primitive pottery was made in the Nara era, imitating China's Tang Tri-color, and adopting the name? Nara tricolor? White, green and brown glazes.
After Nara tricolor, Japan has not made pottery for nearly 500 years. During this period, hard and burnt gray-black pottery was made all over Japan, but this kind of pottery almost disappeared at the end of heian period.
The real firing of pottery was in the Kamakura era. A man named Fujishiro from Seto imported technology from China to make kettles, incense burners and Buddhist tools. From then until the Muromachi era, besides Seto, Xinle, Changshui, Danbo, Beqian and Qian Yue could also make pottery, which was called the six ancient Japanese kilns. Later, in 16 16, Li Shenping of North Korea successfully fired porcelain before fertilizer, and Japanese ceramic production began. Then there are various burners.
Types of ceramics: rope pottery, yayoi pottery, earthenware, blue and white porcelain, bone porcelain and Nara tricolor.
Characteristics of ceramics: Bone China was only developed in Japan in recent twenty years, and many famous products were produced. Most low-priced bone China is made in Japan. As far as design is concerned, Japanese shapes and patterns are conservative, emphasizing elegance.
Rope pottery: Rope pottery is a kind of dark brown thick pottery fired at low temperature.
The essence of the Asian Games: The essence of the Asian Games is a kind of thin red-brown hard pottery fired at high temperature.
Jing Shao: The ceramics produced in Kyoto have always been called Jing Shao, also called Qingshui Shao. Beijing burn is delicate in texture and harmonious in color. Plates, vases, tea sets and craft porcelain with high artistic value are all good tourist souvenirs.
Youtian Burning: In the early Edo period (16 16), Li Shenping of North Korea successfully fired porcelain at Youtian Clay Mine in Saga Prefecture and began to produce the earliest porcelain in Japan. This kind of Japanese porcelain soon became popular, and people called this kind of pottery Yasuda.
Jiugushao: Jiugushao's paintings are bright in color, bold in conception and novel in design, giving people a brand-new feeling. It is said that the kiln burned in Jiugu was sealed around 1700 and revived in the late Edo period. Therefore, the pottery before the revival was called Gujiu Ancient Burning.
Le Shao: Le Shao, which mainly burns tea sets, has also developed in Kyoto, and the tea bowls made by Ben Ami Guangyue have high taste. Guangyue is a representative cultural person in early modern Japan. He is versatile and has made great achievements in painting, calligraphy, pottery, writing and publishing.
Hao: In the last years of Kuan Yong (1624 1644), Kajimen of Sakai Field successfully produced the first glazed porcelain, and finished red painting and firing. After that, porcelain kilns in Feiqian area developed rapidly. Therefore, it was named Imari Porcelain. This kind of porcelain is very popular not only in Japan but also in Europe.
MINO Shao: During the Edo period, MINO Shao, as a daily tableware for civilians, was widely needed and became some ceramic manufacturers in China. Ruilang City, Gifu Prefecture, Japan has a history of 1300 years. Ceramic artists in Ruilang used various techniques and fine inorganic non-toxic glaze to fire the kiln temperature to 1240- 1260. C, not just 700-800. C, after full oxidation, the metal content in the green body is far lower than the Japanese national standard (lead 2.5mg/L, cadmium 0.25mg/L) and the Chinese national standard GB 13 12 1-9 (lead 7mg/L, cadmium 0.5mg/L), thus producing ceramics. More than 50% of the foreign tableware and Japanese tableware we usually use are actually from MINO.
Ceramic applications: daily necessities, architecture, collection, art and ritual vessels.
Ceramic distribution: Waiseto, Xinle, Changshou, Danbo, Beigan, Qian Yue and other places.
Second, North Korea.
Historical and cultural background of ceramics: North Korean pottery is quite similar to that produced in northeast China. The pottery of Silla Dynasty (57 BC-935 AD) in South Korea still has the style of China Zhou Dynasty pottery, and is also made by imitating the bronzes of Han Dynasty. In the production of glazed pottery, there are Silla tricolor products imitating Tang tricolor.
In the 4th century A.D.10 ~/KLOC-0, North Korea was able to copy the celadon of Yaozhou Kiln and Yueyao Kiln in China, and made great achievements. /kloc-After the 4th century, the quality of Korean porcelain was not as good as that of China in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the texture was rough, but the shapes of melons, pears and other utensils all had obvious Korean characteristics.
Third, France
Historical and cultural background of ceramics: Before the production technology of tin glazed pottery was introduced to France, lead glazed pottery was widely used in France in the16th century. Tin-glazed pottery became popular after its introduction. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, King Louis XIV of France ordered the melting of silver in the palace to pay for the expenses in the war of succession to the Spanish throne. Since then, dignitaries have turned to pottery, thus setting off the climax of pottery production. 1750, France built Seffler Porcelain Factory. Since then, soft porcelain has been produced until 1769.
Characteristics of ceramics: France is a romantic country, and this humanistic style is reflected in porcelain painting, showing rich and varied colors and patterns.
Ceramic applications: daily necessities, architecture and art.
Fourth, Britain.
Historical and cultural background of ceramics: Due to geographical reasons, pottery production in medieval England was rarely influenced by foreign countries. Early products were all unglazed pottery, and later developed into lead glazed pottery. 16 in the 1950s, the manufacturing technology of tin glazed pottery was introduced from Holland, and the production of lead glazed pottery was eliminated. In terms of pottery decoration, it was influenced by blue and white porcelain in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty in China. This influence was particularly strong in the early18th century, especially in Bristol. From 65438 to 1970s, German stone tools and China Yixing Zisha pottery were popular in Britain, and many factories competed to copy them. The production of tin glazed pottery in Britain is concentrated in London. However, when British ceramist Wedgwood's beige pottery came out, it was immediately appreciated by bureaucrats and nobles in Britain and other countries, and tin glazed pottery was gradually abandoned.
Ceramic applications: daily necessities, architecture and art.
Distribution of ceramic origin: London, main areas
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Germany
Historical and cultural background of ceramics: Germany is the first country in Europe to produce ceramics. Both the ceramic raw materials and ceramic materials produced belong to the world's advanced blue column. There are two kinds of pottery in Germany, one is stone tools and the other is tin glazed pottery. Stone tools made in Germany are solid in texture and decorated with relief, which are widely sold abroad and exported to Japan in the17th century. Since then, countless new tin glazed pottery factories have been built one after another, with Nuremberg as the largest output. In the 65438+60s, Frankfurt and its nearby Hanluo factory began to produce tin glazed pottery until 1806, some of which adopted China's decorative patterns.
Ceramic applications: daily necessities, architecture and art.