(1) Flocculation paper and hemp fiber paper appeared successively in the Western Han Dynasty. The map paper unearthed in Fangmatan, Tianshui, Gansu Province is the earliest known paper in the world.
(2) Cai Lun, the eunuch of the Eastern Han Dynasty, 105 improved papermaking and made plant fiber paper.
(3) Papermaking spread to Korea, Vietnam and Japan in the 6th century, to Central Asia in the 8th century, and to Africa and Europe through Arabs.
Step 2 print
(1) During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were engraved Buddhist scriptures, calendars and poems. The earliest block printing in the world is diamond sutra paper printed in China in 868.
(2) In the Five Dynasties, the whole book was printed by block printing.
(3) The woodblock printing industry in Song Dynasty was very developed, and the printed books had neat fonts and exquisite binding. 1 1 In the middle of the century, movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in the Northern Song Dynasty, 400 years earlier than in Europe.
(4) Ximu movable type appeared in the Yuan Dynasty. Later, copper-lead movable type printed books.
(5) After the invention of movable type printing, it was introduced to Korea and Japan to the east and to Egypt and Europe to the west, which changed the situation that only monks could study and receive higher education in Europe at that time.
3. Compass
(1) discovered the characteristics of magnetic conductivity in the Warring States period and invented "SiNa".
(2) The magnetic needle guide was used in the Northern Song Dynasty. Later, the magnetic needle was installed on the compass and made into a compass for navigation.
(3) During the Southern Song Dynasty, the compass spread to India, Arabia, Persia and other countries, which promoted the development of navigation in various countries and provided important conditions for opening up new routes and realizing global navigation.
4, gunpowder
(1) Gunpowder was mentioned for the first time in the book "A Brief Introduction to the True Yuan and Wonderful Road" in the Tang Dynasty, and it was used in the military at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
(2) During the Northern Song Dynasty, gunpowder was widely used in the military, and Tokyo set up "widely prepared siege fortifications" to manufacture gunpowder and firearms; Song Renzong's book Wu Jing Zong Yao records many methods of making firearms.
(3) The musket was invented in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the appearance of tubular firearms opened a new stage in the history of human war.
(4) The firearms manufacturing industry in Jin is relatively developed, and the "thunderbolt" and "flying musket" made in Jin are very powerful. Jin's army repelled the attack of Mongolian army with these two kinds of firearms and won a partial victory.
(5) The gunpowder invented in China was introduced to Arabia in the middle of13rd century, and then to Europe from Arabia.
5. Achievements of ancient astronomical calendars in China.
(1) Xia Dynasty: The calendar "Xia Zhengxiao" contains the phenology, astronomical phenomena, meteorology and agriculture of each month of the year.
(2) Shang Dynasty: The calendar of Shang Dynasty is the greatest achievement and the longest calendar in the world. Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty kept the earliest records of solar eclipse, lunar eclipse and nova in China.
(3) Spring and Autumn Period: The earliest record of Halley's comet recognized in the world was left, which was more than 670 years earlier than that in Europe. Calendar has formed its own fixed system, and basically established the principle of seven leaps in nineteen years, which is 160 years earlier than Europe.
(4) Warring States: The Classic of Shigan Star is the earliest astronomical work in the world; People also measured the seasons of the year.
(5) Western Han Dynasty: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty formulated taichu calendar. The sunspot records in the first 28 years of the Western Han Dynasty are the earliest in the world.
(6) Eastern Han Dynasty: Zhang Heng invented the armillary sphere and the seismograph (earlier than Europe 1700 years).
(7) Sui and Tang Dynasties: ① The Imperial Calendar compiled by Liu Zhuo, an astronomer in the Sui Dynasty, created a new method to calculate the movement of the sun and the moon, which was the most advanced calendar at that time. (2) The Da compiled by astronomers and monks in the Tang Dynasty on the basis of Huang accurately reflected the laws of the movement of the sun, and the system was complete, which marked the maturity of the ancient calendar system in China. (3) A line is also the founder of measuring the meridian length of the earth by scientific methods in the world.
(8) Yuan Dynasty: At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Taishi Bureau was established to compile a new calendar. Guo Shoujing improved simple instruments and standard tables, presided over nationwide astronomical surveys, and compiled an almanac with the same annual cycle as the current Gregorian calendar, but 300 years earlier than the current Gregorian calendar.
6. China's ancient mathematical achievements.
(1) Western Zhou Dynasty: Shang Gao talked about the special case of Pythagorean Theorem, "Hooking three strands, four chords and five", which was contained in Zhou pian Shu Jing.
(2) Spring and Autumn Period: 99 multiplication table.
(3) Western Han Dynasty: Liu Xin calculated pi as 3. 1547.
(4) Eastern Han Dynasty: Nine Chapters Arithmetic was the most advanced applied mathematics in the world at that time.
(5) Three Kingdoms: Liu Hui applied the limit theory and put forward the correct calculation method of pi.
(6) Southern Dynasties: Zu Chongzhi accurately calculated the pi between 3.1415926 ~ 3.1415927, one thousand years earlier than Europe. He also annotated nine chapters on arithmetic. He also wrote books such as composition.
(7) Tang Dynasty: The Sutra of Ji Gu written by the famous mathematician Wang Xiaotong put forward the solution of the cubic equation for the first time, which can solve the calculation problem of different widths in engineering construction and is an outstanding contribution to ancient mathematical theory, more than 300 years earlier than Arabs and more than 600 years earlier than Europe.
(8) Ming Dynasty: Mathematician Cheng Dawei compiled Arithmetic Unity, which laid the foundation for later algorithms.
(9) Qing Dynasty: Mongolian mathematician Ming Gatu introduced the Nine Methods of Secant Circle and compiled his research results into Secant Circle Density and Efficiency. He raised the research of trigonometric function and pi to a new level by analytic geometry.
Extended data:
China's ancient scientific and technological achievements refer to China's ancient scientific and technological achievements, including papermaking, printing, textile, ceramics, smelting and casting.
The ancient science and technology in China originated from life, and life needed all kinds of practical technologies. The inventions and creations that China people are proud of, such as papermaking, printing, textile, ceramics, smelting and casting, and architecture, all bear distinct practical marks.
Sports achievements
Warring States: Great achievements in physics. Mo Jing has a lot of physical knowledge, including the description of lever principle and buoyancy theory, as well as acoustic and optical records. About the relationship between light and shadow, pinhole imaging, etc. , written in a systematic way, is called "Eight Light Articles of Mohist Classics" by modern scientists.
Medical and pharmaceutical achievements
(1) Pre-Qin period: Bian Que was the most famous doctor in the Warring States period. Later generations regarded him as a "master of pulse science". He used four diagnoses: seeing, hearing, asking and cutting, and diagnosed the condition from the pulse condition. Pulse-taking is Bian Que's main achievement. Four diagnostic methods have become the traditional diagnostic methods of Chinese medicine, which have been used by Chinese medicine for more than two thousand years.
(2) Han Dynasty: ① Huangdi Neijing, published in the Warring States and compiled by the Western Han Dynasty, was an important medical document in early China. It laid the theoretical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine. (2) Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica in the Eastern Han Dynasty is the first complete pharmacological work in China. ③ Hua Tuo, a famous doctor at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was good at surgery and was known as the "imperial doctor". Mafeisan was invented earlier than the west 1600 years ago. ④ Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was called a "medical sage", and his masterpiece Treatise on Febrile Diseases was an important classic of Chinese medicine in later generations.
(3) Sui and Tang Dynasties: (1) Qian Jin Fang, written by Sun Simiao, an outstanding physician in the Tang Dynasty, comprehensively summarized the medical achievements of all previous dynasties and at that time, and had many original opinions, which occupied an important position in the history of traditional Chinese medicine. ② The Four Medical Codes compiled by Yuan Dan Gongbu, a famous Tibetan doctor, have important influence at home and abroad. (3) Tang Materia Medica, which was compiled in Tang Gaozong period, was the earliest national pharmacopoeia published in the world.
(4) Ming and Qing Dynasties: In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica recorded 1800 kinds of drugs and 10000 kinds of prescriptions, which comprehensively summarized China's medicine before16th century, and was known as the "Grand Ceremony of Oriental Medicine". Li Shizhen attaches great importance to field investigation and experimental observation, and pays attention to the application of comparative methods, which has high scientific value in understanding and summarizing drugs.
The classification of drugs in Compendium of Materia Medica embodies the viewpoint that biological evolution is from low level to high level. Li Shizhen also put forward the view that "birds are born in forests, so their feathers are like leaves", which reflected his new understanding of animals' adaptation to the environment, related variation and genetic characteristics.
Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-China Ancient Scientific and Technological Achievements