Lesson 1 Renaissance
1, date:14—17th century.
The earliest rising country: Italy
2. Core: Humanism
3. Main representatives:
(1) Dante: (1) Status: Renaissance pioneer
(2) Masterpiece: The Divine Comedy (a symbol of Europe's transition from the Middle Ages to the modern society)
2 gundam? Finch: ① Status: Italy's most famous painter and versatile cultural giant.
② Masterpieces: The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.
⑶ Shakespeare: ① Status: The most famous writer in Britain.
② Masterpieces: Othello, King Lear, Hamlet and Macbeth's Four Tragedies.
4. Nature: It is an ideological liberation movement that the bourgeoisie knocks on the door of modern society.
5. Significance or function: It has promoted the prosperity of European cultural and ideological fields and laid an ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalist society.
Lesson 2 Opening up New Routes
1, date:15-17th century
2. Conditions: (1) Progress in shipbuilding and navigation technology in Europe.
(2) Europeans' understanding of the earth (believe in the theory of the earth circle)
(3) Compass, navigation knowledge and geographical knowledge spread in Europe.
3, Columbus's main activities:
(1) firmly believe that the earth is round, that sailing from Europe to the west can reach the east.
⑵ Purpose: To find the route to India and China.
(3) Activity: 1492 Depart from Spain, cross the Atlantic Ocean and reach Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti and other places. The vast areas of Central and South America (except Brazil) he visited became Spanish colonies. He called Native Americans "Indians" and Caribbean islands "West Indies".
4. Impact: P 1 1
Lesson 3 British bourgeois revolution
1, time: 1640- 1688
2. Root: The feudal rule of Stuart dynasty seriously hindered the development of capitalism.
3. Fight for two camps: the feudal forces led by the king and the upstart represented by the Congress.
4. The focus of the struggle: around limiting kingship and ensuring the power of Congress.
5. What happened: the bourgeois revolution broke out in (1) 1640.
⑵ 1649 1 month, Charles I was executed, feudal rule was overthrown, and Britain entered "total peace".
(3) 1653, Cromwell practiced dictatorship.
(4) the restoration of Stuart dynasty
⑤ 1688, the glorious revolution broke out and James II went into exile in France.
(6) 1689, the National Assembly promulgated and approved the Bill of Rights. A capitalist political system of constitutional monarchy was established.
6. Contents of the Bill of Rights: P 17
7. Historical significance: last paragraph of P 17.
Lesson 4 American War of Independence
1, time:1755 April 19- 1783.
2. Start sign: Lexington gunfire.
3. Root: British colonial rule seriously hindered the development of capitalism in North America.
4.* * *: Washington
5. Army: 1776 The Second Continental Congress formed the Continental Army, with Washington as the commander-in-chief.
6. Important document: Declaration of Independence
(1) date of promulgation:1July 4, 776.
(2) Promulgator: The Second Continental Conference.
(3) Drafter: Jefferson
(4) Main contents: P2 1
(5) Significance: ① The United States declared its independence and the United States of America was born (July 4th is the National Day).
② Established the principle of "freedom and equality" ③ Marx called it "the first declaration of human rights".
7. Turning point of the war:1777+June 00 Battle of Saratoga.
8. The result of the war: (1)17810 In June, Britain's Cornwall surrendered to Washington in Yorktown.
(2) 1783, the United States and Britain signed the Paris Peace Treaty, and Britain officially recognized American independence.
9. Nature: The American War of Independence was both a national liberation war and a bourgeois revolution.
Lesson 5 French Revolution
1, time: 1789 July 14 (July 14 is French National Day).
2. Start sign: The people of Paris captured the Bastille.
3. fuse: the convening of the third-level meeting.
4. Root: The feudal rule of Bourbon dynasty seriously hindered the development of capitalism.
5. Promulgation document: the issuer of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: the Constitutional Convention.
(1) Main contents: ① People are born with freedom, equality, freedom, property, security and resistance to oppression; (2) Sovereignty comes from citizens, who enjoy freedom of religious belief, speech and publication; (3) the inviolability of private property; Everyone is equal before the law.
(2) Evaluation:
Progressiveness: advocating free and equal natural rights and opposing feudal monarchy and feudal hierarchy is a programmatic document with theoretical banner in the French Revolution.
Restriction: Property right is a sacred and inviolable right of human beings, which means safeguarding the interests of the bourgeoisie.
6. End:1794 The "hot moon coup" on July 27th marked the end of the French Revolution.
7. The influence of the French Revolution: P29
Lesson 6 Napoleon Empire
1, creating:
(1) Seize power:1799165438+1October 9, symbolizing the "foggy month coup" when Napoleon was in power for the first time.
(2) Empire: The First Empire of France in May 1804
2. Measures to consolidate the rules:
(a) to formulate and promulgate laws:
① Time: 1804- 18 10 year.
② Laws: Civil Law, Commercial Law and Profit Law.
(2) The Napoleonic Code
① Contents: A. Establish equality of civil rights B. Abolish aristocratic privileges C. Unrestricted property ownership D. Freedom of contract
② Evaluation: The basic principles of bourgeois civil law such as equality of civil rights, property ownership and freedom of contract were confirmed for the first time. It consolidated the achievements of the French Revolution in legal form and established the legislative norms of capitalist society. It attacked feudal forces and promoted the development of French capitalism. So it bears the brand of bourgeoisie.
3. Napoleon's foreign wars:
Progressive effect:
He defeated the anti-French alliance many times and defended the achievements of the French bourgeois revolution. At the same time, the achievements of the Great Revolution spread to European countries, which promoted the development of capitalism in European feudal countries and shook the feudal ruling order in Europe.
Aggressiveness:
It threatened the sovereignty of European countries, harmed the interests of the people of the invaded countries, and was resisted by the people of all European countries, which eventually led to the collapse of the empire and the restoration of the feudal dynasty.
Lesson 8 The First Industrial Revolution
1, started: (1) Time: 65438+11960s to 65438+1mid-909th century.
(2) Main signs: the invention and use of the machine (Jenny machine).
⑶ Country and industry: It first happened in Britain, starting from the cotton textile industry.
2. Main invention: (1) Kay-shuttle (1733)
② Hager-Jenny machine ③ Watt-improved steam engine
(4) Fulton-Steam Boat (5) Stephenson-Steam Locomotive (Train) 3. Significant impact (consequence) P46
Lesson 17 and 18 The Second Industrial Revolution
1. Start:: (1) Time:19 1970s to early 20th century.
2. The main symbol of the electrical age: the invention and wide application of electricity.
3. Main manifestations: ① the invention and use of new energy; (2) the creation of new machines and products; (3) the emergence of new means of transportation.
(4) Invention and application of long-distance information transmission technology and new equipment.
4. Main inventions:
Edison is called "the king of invention"
Achievements: electric lamp, phonograph, wax paper, mimeograph.
⑶ Transportation: ① Car: 1885 Karl? Ben Ci-gasoline diesel locomotive.
(2)1913 Ford-first, assembly line technology is adopted in automobile production.
③ Airplane: The Wright brothers-1903 invented the world's first airplane, and were praised as "pioneers of aviation airplanes".
(4) Electrical appliances: electric iron, washing machine, electric fan, refrigerator.
Lesson 1 1 the "declaration" to start a new era
1. Time: 1848 February.
2. Logo: make a * * * declaration.
3. Founder: Marx and Engels
4. Main content: (1) It analyzes the great role of class and class struggle in the development of human history.
(2) Put forward the beautiful ideal that capitalism is bound to perish and socialism is bound to win.
(3) Call on the proletarians all over the world to unite and jointly overthrow bourgeois rule.
5. Historical significance: (1) is the first book that comprehensively and systematically expounds the basic principles of scientific socialism; (2) It marks the birth of Marxism; (3) It has opened up a new situation for the international workers' movement and the socialist movement; (4) Become a sharp ideological weapon of the world proletariat.
Lesson 12 Paris commune movement
1. Outbreak time: 1871March18.
2. Establishment of political power:1871March 28th.
3. Nature of struggle: This is the first attempt of the proletariat to seize power through violent revolution.
4. The nature of political power: it represents the political power of the working class (or the political power of the proletariat).
5. Revolutionary measures:
(1) Abolish all old government institutions and establish a new state power.
(2) Confiscating the factories of fugitive capitalists and handing them over to workers' cooperatives for management; (3) Implementing a series of economic measures to protect the interests of working people.
6. Failure: (1) Time:1871May 28th (2) Logo: "May Bloody Week"
7. "Internationale": also known as "International Lionel"
(1) Author: Pottier (2) Author: Degeyter.
Lesson 14 Russian serfdom reform
1, reason:
Root: Russian serfdom seriously hindered the development of capitalism.
Direct cause: The failure of the Crimean War aggravated social contradictions.
2. Time: 186 1 year, March 3rd.
3. Purpose: To consolidate rule, ease class contradictions, enhance national strength and avoid people's revolution.
4. Form of reform: top-down.
5. Beginning sign: Alexander II issued a decree abolishing serfdom.
6. Main contents: 1) Farmers get freedom of life; 2) Farmers are assigned to a garden next to the house by redemption, and only have the right to use it; 3) After liberation, farmers should be managed by their "village communities".
7. Nature: Top-down bourgeois reform
8. Essence: It was an era when the czar government colluded with landlords to extort and plunder farmers.
9. Historical role: 1) Russia abolished serfdom and embarked on the road of developing capitalism; 2) It has a positive effect on the goal of Russian modernization; 3) Limitations: Farmers bear a heavy economic burden; The tsarist autocracy has not changed in essence, and the pace of modernization is heavy and slow; The people lack basic democratic rights.
Lesson 15 American Civil War
1. reason: root cause: the political and economic contradictions between the north and the south hinder the development of American capitalism.
2. The focus of contradiction: the preservation or abolition of black slavery.
3. fuse: 1860 Lincoln was elected president of the United States.
4. Commencement sign: 186 1 April, the south launched a rebellion and attacked the north.
5.* *: Lincoln
6. War process: outbreak:1861April, the south launched a military attack, and the Lincoln administration was forced to meet it.
Turning point: 1862 promulgated the homestead act and the emancipation proclamation to fully mobilize the people's enthusiasm.
Results: 1865 victory in the north.
7. Nature: the second bourgeois revolution in American history.
8. Historical function P8 1
Lesson 16 Meiji Restoration in Japan
1. Reason: The Tokugawa era hindered the development of Japanese capitalism.
2. Time: 1868
3. Purpose: Strengthen political reform, enrich Qiang Bing and consolidate the rule of Meiji government.
4. Nature: bourgeois reform.
5. Main contents:
Politics: strengthen centralization, abolish vassals and set up counties; Abolish the feudal identity system and samurai privileges;
Economy: learn from the west and introduce advanced western technology and equipment; Develop industry and encourage the development of modern industry;
Allow land to be privately owned and traded, and implement local tax reform;
Military: imitate western countries, implement conscription system and establish a standing army; Establish a police system to maintain law and order;
Social life and cultural education: advocating civilization and implementing compulsory education;
6. Historical significance:
Positive: The feudal political system was abolished and Japan embarked on the road of developing capitalism.
Get rid of the national crisis of becoming a colony and semi-colony.
Limitations: It has retained a large number of feudal remnants and embarked on the road of foreign colonial expansion, which has become a new threat to peace in Asia.
Lesson 19 and 20 World War I
1, reason: root cause: unbalanced political and economic development in capitalist countries.
Specific reasons: The formation of the two military blocs further intensified the contradictions between the two sides.
Allies: 1879 Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
Allies: 1907 Britain, France and Russia.
Direct cause: (fuse) 1965438+ "Sarajevo Incident" on June 28th, 2004.
2. Main Battle: Battle of Verdun
3. The nature of war: an imperialist war fought by imperialist countries for colonies and spheres of influence.
4. The impact of World War I: it caused great material and spiritual losses to mankind and was a great disaster for mankind; Objectively promoted the development of science and technology; Triggered the Russian October Revolution; www.xkb 1.com
Lesson 22 The Ideological Emancipation Movement in Modern Europe in the World
1, Renaissance:14-17th century, Italy was the first to rise: Dante, Leonardo da Vinci and Shakespeare.
Core: Humanism
2. Enlightenment:17-18th century, represented by Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau.
Core: rationalism
the Enlightenment
1, date:17 ——18th century
2, the core: rationalism 1) admit that the law of things is objective 2) advocate using scientific knowledge to understand objective things.
3) Resolutely oppose and criticize the religious concept of "belief is higher than knowledge"
3. Representative figures: Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau.
4. Nature:17 —— 65438+an ideological emancipation movement in the 8th century.
5. Impact: 1) Liberated people's minds, publicized bourgeois ideas, promoted the development of capitalism, and shook feudal rule.
2) It provided a sharp ideological weapon for the American Revolution and the French Revolution.
3) It provides a theoretical premise for the establishment of Marxist philosophy.
Six, the embodiment of the world's modern science, thought, culture and art achievements in the new curriculum standards.
Achievements and artistic characteristics of the main works of national character appellation
think
think
lead to
region
Voltaire
Oedipus, the French Enlightenment thinker
Criticizing feudal autocracy, especially opposing Catholic thought, is called "the pioneer of the Enlightenment"
The branch of academic or vocational research.
study
lead to
region
newton
Britain, England
The mathematical principle of natural philosophy, a great physicist, established Newton's classical mechanical system and was called the father of modern science.
Darwin
Britain, England
A biologist on the origin of species.
The evolutionary viewpoint of "natural selection, survival of the fittest" is put forward, which overturns the "creationism" and "species invariance"
German physicist Einstein put forward the famous theory of relativity.