The formation history and name origin of Han nationality
Form history
1. Since about 5000 BC, the Chinese nation, as the main body of the Han nationality today, originated in the Yellow River basin and began to develop gradually. In the Neolithic age, it experienced matriarchal clan commune and paternal clan commune successively. In 2700 BC, there were Ji tribes headed by the Yellow Emperor in central Shaanxi and Jiang tribes headed by the Yellow Emperor in the south. There is always friction between the two sides. The Osaka Spring War finally broke out between the two tribes. The Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di. After that, the two tribes formed an alliance and occupied the surrounding tribes. The predecessor of China was born.
According to the legend recorded in the pre-Qin literature, the ancestors of the ancient Han nationality lived in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River from Xilongshan to Taishan in the east are active areas. Yangshao culture and Longshan culture, two Neolithic cultures mainly distributed in this area, are generally considered as the cultural remains of ancient Han ancestors.
Ancient legends also describe that Han ancestors experienced a long primitive commune system. The Yellow Emperor used to be a matriarchal clan, and Mu Zhi didn't know his father. The legend of the Yellow Emperor marks the transition from matriarchal clan tribe to paternal clan tribe and enters the stage of tribal alliance. According to legend, after the Yellow Emperor, Yao, Shun and Yu successively led the big tribal alliance in the form of abdication, and were considered as descendants of the Yellow Emperor.
2. In the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC, the era of primitive commune system in the Central Plains came to the end of history, and a class society appeared in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.
From 2 1 century BC, it experienced Xia, Shang and Western Zhou dynasties.
First of all, it travels between the Yellow River and its tributaries Wei, Fen, Yi and He, as well as the Huaihe River and its tributaries Ruheying. Then it spread to the vast areas of Huaihe River, Surabaya, Yangtze River and Hanshui River. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Hua or Hua's surname seemed to be different from Manchu, Yi, Rong and De. However, at this time, the difference between China people and foreigners is not very strict.
3. During the Spring and Autumn Period, China people and barbarians had a strong sense of superiority. At that time, the standards, race and culture that distinguished China from barbarians were highly valued, and culture was the most important factor. Due to etiquette and customs, clothing and other factors, China people and foreigners can often exchange places. Qin and Chu are not only called Qi, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei, but also the two most powerful governors in China. Seven people joined forces, Lian Heng fought side by side, but the nation was the same, forming the trend of summer reunification. Therefore, China has become a stable nation, with its distribution areas reaching the middle and lower reaches of Liaohe River in the northeast, Taohe River in the northwest, Bashu and central Guizhou in the southwest, and Hunan and wuyue in the southeast.
Qin Shihuang unified China, established the Qin Dynasty, followed by the Han Dynasty, and ruled China for more than 400 years. During this period, the territory of China expanded before it became empty. At this time, the distribution of Han population is still concentrated in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins.
5. Since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han population has gradually migrated to the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and the southeast of China on a large scale. From the Western Jin Dynasty to the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, Han people entered Central Asia and Yunnan. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Han population in the south had surpassed that in the north. The post-Manchu people banned Han Chinese from entering the northeast through customs. In the late Qing Dynasty, in order to enrich the frontier, the Han nationality was allowed to enter the Northeast. During Zhang's rule in Northeast China, a large number of Han Chinese were introduced to Shandong. From the Ming Dynasty, the Han nationality began to migrate to Southeast Asia sporadically, and from the19th century, the Han nationality migrated to Europe, North America and other places.
6. Han nationality
7. The word "Han" originated from the Huns. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Central Plains dynasty took tough measures against the Huns. Especially during the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty entered a prosperous period. General Wei Qing and Huo Qubing led the army to wage three wars with the Xiongnu, defeated the Xiongnu and safeguarded the property and national security of the Han people. In this war, the Huns saw the power of the Han Dynasty and called China people in the Central Plains "Han".
China people's nickname Han originated in the late Wei Dynasty. At first, it was an insult to the residents of the ruled Central Plains by ethnic minority rulers. The Book of Northern Qi has titles such as Han, Man, Han and Han Family. Later, they used swearing language, not specifically referring to the Han nationality. They are used to refer to men, such as heroes, cultivators, drunkards and thieves.
The appellations of "Han nationality" and "Han nationality's children" appeared in the Northern Qi Dynasty and were also used in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, but they were not widely used. Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties were the times when this name was widely used.
Liao Dynasty was composed of Khitan and Han nationality, divided into Hu nationality and Han nationality. Han people think of themselves as "Han people", and I don't seem to care much about the derogatory meaning it contains. With the continuous integration of nationalities, there is a saying that "the Khitan Han people have been one family for a long time".
After the Republic of China replaced the Qing Empire, China talents were officially renamed as "Han nationality".
Chinese historical dynasties order table:
The above picture shows the chronology of all dynasties in history. The following only proves whether the emperors of past dynasties are related by blood and belong to the Han nationality.
Before the Qin Dynasty, they were all descendants of the Yellow Emperor. There is no need to question their ancestry.
Needless to say, Emperor Liu Bangchun of the Han Dynasty was a Han Chinese.
Before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Han nationality had no name. At that time, the Central Plains was collectively referred to as the Chinese nation. Therefore, it is necessary to rule out the former dynasty of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu, was a native of Chu during the Warring States Period. Chu was also regarded as a "barbarian" in the Spring and Autumn Period and an Huaxia tribe in the Warring States Period. From this perspective, Liu Bang also has a "barbarian" lineage. )
From the cultural origin, Li Yuan of Tang Gaozu and Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong both have Qiang descent. ), so strictly speaking, the emperor of the Tang dynasty can't be said to be a strict Han Chinese. In addition, several minority dynasties in the history of China should also exclude "Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Liao, Jin, Xia, Dali, Five Dynasties and Ten Small Countries". Therefore, the pure Han emperor can only exclude emperors of other dynasties.
Secondly, there are always different opinions about Song, Han, Shatuo and Hui. This paper does not define it as pure Han nationality.
Neither the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty nor the Qing Dynasty were Han Chinese.
Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang is a pure Han nationality. What Zhu Yuanzhang said about Hui people was proved to be false. )
Sun Yat-sen, the last interim president of the Republic of China, was a Han nationality.
Conclusion:
To sum up, since the Han Dynasty, only the Ming Dynasty and the Republic of China have been in power in a unified dynasty.
note:
China is a regional concept, not a national concept. The Chinese nation refers not only to one nation, but to all ethnic groups living in China. In fact, there is no single "Han nationality" in China.
China has been a multi-ethnic country since Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Strictly speaking, there is no difference between Han people and ethnic minorities in China. Only "Chinese nation" and "Chinese nation". It's all the same theme. Therefore, China's division of ethnic minorities is actually its own ethnic conflict and estrangement. Since ancient times, there has been only one nation in China, that is, the Chinese nation.