Solon reform, Shang Yang reform, Emperor Xiaowen reform, Russian serfdom reform and Meiji Restoration reform in Japan.
1 economic development is blocked; The development of industry and commerce and the development of productive forces require further liberation of productive forces, and there is a feudal tendency in the economy. The development of capitalism lags far behind the emergence of capitalism in western countries and the initial development of national capitalism.
The contradiction between political civilians and nobles is sharp; Industrial and commercial slave owners demanded the struggle of decentralization, and the reform in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period laid the foundation for it. The lack of political system led to the intensification of class contradictions and the darkness of serfdom. The serf uprising was constantly in the crisis of the Tokugawa era, the foundation was shaken and the uprising continued. The deepening of the national crisis
The formation of class industrial and commercial slave owners, the strength of the emerging landlord class, the growth of the bourgeoisie, the formation of shady factions, and the samurai became the main force. The bourgeoisie grew stronger and began to step onto the historical stage.
Ideologically, legalist thought provides the theoretical basis, the influence of China culture and the influence of western enlightenment thought; The new ideological trend calling for reform is surging, and the influence of the Western Enlightenment is surging; Lay a foundation for early improvement of ideas.
Solon's personal factors (patriotism, military talent, consul) Shang Yang's strong desire for politics and his determination to reform, as well as Emperor Xiaowen's admiration for China culture, Alexander II fully realized the necessity of reform, and the emperor tended to reform Geng and Liang's patriotic thoughts.
Other Qin countries (backward, ineffective in reform, favorable conditions and opportunities) revolted constantly; Ethnic integration and ethnic contradictions have intensified. The Crimean war further aggravated the aggression of the domestic contradictory powers and deepened the national crisis. The establishment of Meiji government was influenced by Japanese reform. The rise of the reform movement.
Solon was elected as the chief consul, Shang Yang was appointed as the head of the reform, and presided over the reform and enthronement; Promote the rulers to learn China culture and discuss it openly; Set up a Committee to write a book; Write a letter; Society; Run a magazine; School.
3. In the process of reform, there were two reforms in 356 BC (19). Move the capital; Change customs. Early stage: Act 2 19; Later: 1868 began to reform; 187 1, abandon the county; 1889 constitution. 1June, 898, Emperor Guangxu wrote a letter "Setting the country as an imperial decree"; 9.28 "Six Gentlemen in the Reform Movement of 1898" Event
The purpose of the reform is to ease contradictions, revitalize the city-state, safeguard the slave owners' rule over the rich country of Qiang Bing, safeguard the feudal rule, consolidate the rule, and accelerate the sinicization and feudalization. Safeguard the interests of the landlord class; Consolidate tsarist autocracy. Establish a capitalist system, promote the development of capitalism, implement a constitutional monarchy and develop capitalism; Save the country from danger
5. The content of reform and the order of political release; Set the maximum floor space; Testament law; Property hierarchy; Resumption of the citizens' assembly; Establish a meeting of 400 people; Establish a citizen jury court and abolish the trial system of Shiqing; Implement the household registration system; Implement county salary system; Implement new rent adjustment. Serfs gain personal freedom; The village community is responsible for the implementation of the reform; Establish landlords and urban self-government institutions; Judicial system reform 1, abolishing vassal States and establishing centralization; 2. Equality among the four people; 3. Promulgate the Constitution and establish a constitutional monarchy. Official and folk letters; Recommend new deal talents; Streamline the organization.
The economy encourages agricultural production; Encourage the development of handicrafts; Reform the monetary system and weights and measures; Establish private ownership; Advocate thrift; Punish idlers. Abolish the well site system; Emphasize agriculture and restrain business, and reward agriculture and weaving; Unified measurement and currency exchange; Speak Chinese; Change the Han surname; Marriage; Change your native place. Serfs can buy small plots of land; After the down payment, the remaining 49 years were paid off, and the man served hard labor. Land reform; Local tax reform; Establish a "model" enterprise; Building infrastructure; Foster and protect private capitalism and encourage the development of agriculture, industry and commerce; Promote private factories; Reward inventions; Set up the General Administration of Railway Minerals; Establish a national bank; Establish postal services.
Custom forbids father and son to live in the same room as adult brothers; Implement monogamy, small family policy, respect Confucius and Confucian classics, and set up schools; Restore the westernization of the ritual and music system and customs (clothing, diet, architecture, etiquette) of the Han nationality, and advocate learning from women to change customs.
Education burns poetry, clarifies laws and regulations, and encourages society and individuals to run schools; Expand the autonomy of universities; Allow the introduction of western language books. Establish a modern education system; Establish the Ministry of Education; Establish a three-level education system; Reform the teaching content of imperial examination and abolish stereotyped writing; Establish Shi Jing University Hall; Choose international students; Establish a translation bureau.
Military awards for military achievements are based on the 20-level knight system. Implement universal compulsory military service system; Establish a western-style military management system. Implement compulsory military service system; Improve military equipment; Cultivate military talents. New army; New weapons; New legal training; Strengthen the navy
As a result of the reform, Athens soon became the most prosperous city-state in ancient Greece, making Qiang Bing rich, making A Qin a powerful country among the seven countries, and accelerating the feudalization of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The process of China and agriculture was still autocratic monarchy, but it embarked on the road of capitalist development. Establish a capitalist system; Realize national independence; External expansion. fail
The reform of the slave-owning class to save the social crisis, the reform of the landlord class, the reform of feudalism, the reform of the bourgeoisie, the bourgeois political reform movement, the bourgeois political reform movement.
8. Reform, progress, and liberation order have made ordinary people citizens with freedom rights, forming a citizen group that democratic politics must have; Break the situation of aristocratic monopoly and allow industrial and commercial slave owners to share political power; To a certain extent, the right of citizens to participate in state affairs is guaranteed; Promote economic development and make Athens the most prosperous city-state in ancient Greece; It is the cornerstone of Athenian democracy. Started the construction of centralization, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations; Promote economic development; The improved combat effectiveness will create favorable conditions for Qin's next strategic development; To lay a foundation for Qin to unify the whole country, promote the development of agriculture, handicrafts and commerce, and promote economic prosperity; Relieved contradictions and consolidated feudal rule; Promoted national integration; Lay a foundation for ending long-term division and re-entering national unity. Promoted the development of capitalist economy; It promoted the spread of western bourgeois ideas in Russia; Promoting Russian modernization is a turning point in Russian history. Establish a constitutional monarchy; Abolish unequal treaties and gain national independence; Accelerate the development of capitalism, basically realize industrialization and become an Asian power; Become an example for Asian colonial countries to achieve national independence. Patriotism: aiming at strengthening the country through reform and saving the country, I hope that China will become independent, democratic and prosperous; Progressiveness: it is a preliminary attempt to change the social system; Enlightenment: it was the first ideological emancipation trend in modern China, which promoted the awakening of Chinese people; Spiritual heritage is a precious wealth in the history of Chinese civilization.
9 The limitation of reform is compromise; Lower class citizens do not have full rights to participate in and discuss state affairs; The remnants of the clan system still exist; The contradiction between nobles and civilians has not been fundamentally resolved, ignoring education and advocating heavy punishment for minor crimes; Intensify that exploitation and oppression of the people; Did not draw a line with the old system. Retaining a large number of remnants hinders the development of capitalism; Social contradictions have not been completely eliminated, and new contradictions have emerged; Reform is a large-scale plunder of farmers, which is deceptive. Content: incomplete, strong sealing; Results: We embarked on the road of external expansion. Content: it does not involve constitutional monarchy; As a result, China failed to embark on the capitalist road.
10 reasons for the success or failure of industrial and commercial development and the growth of industrial and commercial slave owners with the support of ordinary people; Solon's personal factors (patriotism, military ability, chief consul, firm determination, democratic concept); Follow the historical trend. Comply with the historical development trend; Supreme ruler support; The correct guiding ideology of "governing the world differently, changing the country and breaking the law" established by Shang Yang; Regardless of personal safety, dare to fight against the old forces; Pay attention to winning the trust of the people; These measures are comprehensive and thorough. Comply with the social trend (feudalism; National unity); Comprehensive content and effective measures; 3. Feng Taihou's support, Emperor Xiaowen's determination, fertility and the trend of national integration. Alexander's personal understanding; Influenced by western enlightenment thought; Correct reform strategy (preparation, staging); Carry out a comprehensive reform of society. Corruption of the shogunate system; Internal centrifugal force is large; Adopt the correct strategy (ending first and then reforming); Implement reforms in line with national conditions; A favorable international environment; The influence of western science and technology culture. Fundamentally speaking, the bourgeois reformists are weak and stubborn; Lack of strong organizational leadership; Divorced from the broad masses of the people; Put hope on the emperor who has no real power; Have illusions about imperialism; Lack of favorable international environment.
1 1 Reform is characterized by revolutionary and eclectic measures, comprehensive measures, far-reaching and comprehensive measures, and incompleteness. Comprehensive and incomplete (compared with the times) focus on the economy, not comprehensive.
12 reform commonality: 1, conforming to the historical trend; 2. Trying to save the rule or national crisis; 3. Reform led or supported by the supreme ruler; 4. Both of them promote historical progress; 5. It involves many aspects, not a single reform; 6. Reflect the patriotic feelings and innovative spirit of reformers; 7. Nothing is smooth sailing, there will always be twists and turns.
Reasons for the success of the reform: 1, conforming to the historical trend; 2. Support from the supreme ruler; 3. Correct reform strategy; 4. Pay attention to or involve the interests of the lower class; 5. Favorable domestic and international environment; 6. The wisdom and courage of reformers; 7. The reform content conforms to the national conditions; 8. The strength of the leadership; 9. People's support.