(199365438+adopted by referendum on February 65438+2, 2002)

We, the multi-ethnic people of the Russian Federation, are United by fate in our own land.

Affirming human rights and freedoms, civil harmony and harmony,

Safeguard the national unity formed by history,

Guided by the universally recognized principles of equality and self-determination of all ethnic groups,

Cherish the memory and pass on the love and respect for the motherland and the faith in kindness and justice to our ancestors.

Reviving Russia's sovereign state and consolidating the unshakable democratic foundation,

Strive to ensure the prosperity and prosperity of Russia,

Based on the responsibility to the present and future generations to the motherland,

Realizing that you are a member of the international community,

In particular, the Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted.

first part

The first chapter is the foundation of constitutional system.

first

1. Russian Federation-Russia is a democratic federal country ruled by law and implements a political system.

The names Russian Federation and Russia have the same meaning.

Article 2 Human beings and their rights and freedoms are the highest values. The state has the obligation to recognize, observe and defend the rights and freedoms of the people and citizens.

essay

1. The only source of sovereignty and power of the Russian Federation is its multi-ethnic people.

2. The people exercise power directly and through the organs of state power and local self-government.

3. Referendum and free elections are the highest direct expression of people's power.

No one can seize the power of the Russian Federation. Seizing or stealing power will be investigated according to federal law.

Article 4

1. The sovereignty of the Russian Federation extends to all its territory.

2. The Constitution and federal laws of the Russian Federation have the highest status in the whole Russian Federation.

The Russian Federation guarantees its territorial integrity and inviolability.

Article 5

1. The Russian Federation consists of equal subjects: the Republic of China, frontier regions, prefectures, municipalities directly under the Central Government, autonomous prefectures and autonomous regions-the Russian Federation.

* * * The Republic (country) has its own constitution and laws. Border areas, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government, autonomous prefectures and autonomous regions all have their own rules and laws.

3. The federal structure of the Russian Federation is based on its national integrity, the unification of the state power system, the division of jurisdiction objects and functions between the state power organs of the Russian Federation and the equality and self-determination of all ethnic groups in the Russian Federation.

4. All subjects of the Russian Federation are equal in their mutual relations with the federal organs of state power.

Article 6

1. Obtaining and suspending citizenship of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal laws. It is unified and equal, no matter what the reason is.

2. Every citizen of the Russian Federation enjoys all the rights and freedoms stipulated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation within its territory and assumes the same obligations.

3. Citizens of the Russian Federation shall not be deprived of their nationality or the right to change their nationality.

Article 7

1. The Russian Federation is a social country, and its policy aims at creating conditions to ensure people's decent life and free development.

2. In the Russian Federation, people's labor and health are protected, the guaranteed minimum labor remuneration is set, the state's support for families, mothers, fathers, children, the disabled and elderly citizens is guaranteed, the social service system is developed, and the state pension, subsidies and other social protection measures are stipulated.

Article 8

1. In the Russian Federation, the unification of economic space, the free transfer of goods, services and financial funds, and the freedom to support competition and economic activities are guaranteed.

2. In the Russian Federation, private property, state-owned property, local property and other forms of ownership are also recognized and protected.

Article 9

1. In the Russian Federation, land and other natural resources are used to protect and protect the lives and activities of people in the corresponding areas.

2. Land and other resources can belong to private property, state-owned property, local property and other forms of ownership.

Article 10 State power in the Russian Federation is realized on the principle of separation of legislative power, executive power and judicial power. The legislative, executive and judicial powers are independent.

Article 11

1. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (the Federal Council and the State Duma), the Government of the Russian Federation and the courts of the Russian Federation.

2. State power in the entities of the Russian Federation is exercised by the organs of state power formed by them.

3. The division of jurisdiction and power between the state organs of the Russian Federation and the main state organs of the Russian Federation is realized through this Constitution, federal treaties and other treaties on the division of jurisdiction and power.

Article 12 The Russian Federation recognizes and guarantees local autonomy. Local autonomy is independent within the scope of its authority. Local organs of self-government are not included in the system of state power organs.

Article 13

1. The Russian Federation recognizes the diversity of ideology.

2. No ideology can be established as a national ideology or an ideology that must be obeyed.

3. The Russian Federation recognizes political diversity and multiparty system.

All social groups are equal before the law.

5. It is forbidden to establish social organizations and their activities whose purpose or behavior is to change the foundation of the constitutional system by violence, undermine the integrity of the Russian Federation and undermine national security, and it is forbidden to establish military organizations that incite social, racial, ethnic and religious disputes.

Article 14

1. The Russian Federation is a secular country. No religion can be defined as a state religion or a religion that must be observed.

2. Religious groups are separated from the state and everyone is equal before the law.

Article 15

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation has the highest legal effect, direct effect and applicability throughout Russia. Laws and other legal documents adopted by the Russian Federation shall not violate the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

2. State organs of power, local organs of self-government, public officials, citizens and their organizations must abide by the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation.

This law should be officially published. Unpublished laws do not apply. Any normative legal document on the rights and freedoms of people and citizens is not applicable if it is not officially published in a well-known way.

4. Recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation are an integral part of the legal system of the Russian Federation. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation establishes rules different from those stipulated by law, the rules of the international treaty shall apply.

Article 16

1. The provisions of this chapter of the Constitution are the basis of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, and may not be amended without the procedures stipulated in the Constitution.

2. No other provision of this Constitution may violate the foundation of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation.

Chapter II Rights and Freedoms of People and Citizens

Article 17

1. In the Russian Federation, human and civil rights and freedoms are recognized and guaranteed according to the universally recognized principles and norms of international law and this Constitution.

2. The basic human rights and freedoms are inalienable and belong to everyone.

3. The realization of human and civil rights and freedoms should not infringe upon the rights and freedoms of others.

Article 18 The rights and freedoms of human beings and citizens are direct and effective. They stipulate the intention, content and application of the law, legislative power and administrative power, and local self-government activities, and are guaranteed by the judicial department.

Article 19

1. Everyone is equal before the law and the court.

2. The state guarantees the equality of rights and freedoms of people and citizens, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and work status, place of residence, religious attitude, belief, relationship with social organizations and other circumstances. Any restriction on citizens' rights due to social, racial, ethnic, linguistic or religious attributes is prohibited.

3. Men and women enjoy the same rights and freedoms and have the same conditions to realize these rights and freedoms.

Article 20

1. Everyone has the right to exist.

2. Before the abolition of the death penalty, federal law stipulated that the death penalty was an extreme punishment measure for particularly serious crimes against life under the condition of providing the defendant with the right of jurors to participate in the trial.

Article 21

1. Human dignity is protected by the state. Nothing can be a reason to denigrate personality.

No one should be subjected to torture, atrocities or other cruel or degrading treatment or punishment. No one shall be subjected to medical, scientific or other experiments without voluntary consent.

Article 22

1. Everyone has the right to freedom and personal inviolability.

2. Arrest, detention and imprisonment are allowed only according to the decision of the court. A person shall not be detained for more than 48 hours before the court makes a decision.

Article 23

1. Everyone has the right to protect privacy, personal and family secrets, and to maintain his honor and good reputation.

Everyone has the right to enjoy correspondence, telephone conversations, postal services, telegrams and other communication secrets. This right can only be restricted by court decisions.

Article 24

1. Without his consent, he shall not collect, preserve, use or disseminate any materials related to his private life.

2. State organs of power, local self-government governments and their public officials must ensure that everyone has access to documents and materials directly related to their rights and freedoms, unless otherwise stipulated by law.

Article 25 The residence is inviolable. No one has the right to break into the house against the residents' will except under the circumstances stipulated by federal law or according to the court's ruling.

Article 26

1. Everyone has the right to decide and show their national identity. No one can be forced to define and show his national identity.

Everyone has the right to use his mother tongue and freely choose the language for communication, education, study and writing.

Article 27

1. Everyone legally residing in the Russian Federation has the right to move freely and choose the place of stay and residence.

Everyone can leave the territory of the Russian Federation freely. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to return to the Russian Federation without hindrance.

Article 28 everyone's freedom of belief and religious belief is guaranteed, including the right to believe in any religion alone or in community with others, or not to believe in any religion, the right to freely choose, own and spread religion or other beliefs, and the right to conduct activities according to these beliefs.

Article 29

1. Guarantee everyone's freedom of thought and speech.

2. It is forbidden to carry out propaganda or agitation that causes social, racial, ethnic or religious hatred and hostility, and to publicize the superiority theory of society, race, nationality, religion or language.

No one can be forced to express his views and beliefs or give them up.

Everyone has the right to collect, obtain, transmit, produce and disseminate information by any legal means. The list of information that constitutes state secrets is stipulated by federal law.

5. Guarantee freedom of public opinion. Censorship of news is prohibited.

Article 30

1. Everyone has the right to form associations, including the right to form trade unions to protect their own interests. Guarantee the freedom of activities of social organizations.

No one may be forced to join or stay in any group.

Article 31

Citizens of the Russian Federation enjoy the freedom of unarmed peaceful assembly, holding meetings, assembly, demonstration, procession and celebration.

Article 32

1. citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the management of state affairs directly or through their representatives.

2. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to vote or be elected to organs of state power and local self-government and to participate in referendums.

3. Citizens who are confirmed by the court as incompetent and detained in places where they are deprived of their freedom according to the court's judgment have no right to vote and stand for election.

4. Citizens of the Russian Federation have equal opportunities to enter state organs.

5. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to participate in the exercise of judicial functions.

Article 33 Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to resort to state organs and local organs of self-government in person, and submit individual and collective complaints to these organs.

Article 34

1. Everyone has the right to engage in commercial activities and other economic activities that are not prohibited by law by using his own abilities and property.

2. Economic activities aimed at monopoly and unfair competition are not allowed.

Article 35

1. Private property rights are protected by law.

2. Everyone has the right to own his own property and to possess, use and dispose of his own property alone or jointly with others.

No one shall be deprived of his property except by a court decision. Forcible confiscation of property for national needs can only be carried out with equal compensation in advance.

4. Guarantee the right of inheritance.

Article 36

1. Citizens and their associations have the right to own land as private property.

2. The ownership, use and disposal of land and other natural resources are freely realized by their owners, provided that they do not harm the environment or infringe upon the rights and legitimate interests of others.

3. The conditions and procedures of land use are stipulated by federal law.

Article 37

1. Freedom of work. Everyone has the right to freely control his work ability and choose the type of activity and occupation.

2. Forced labor is prohibited.

3. Everyone has the right to work under the conditions that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene, to receive labor remuneration not lower than the minimum labor remuneration stipulated by federal law without any discrimination, and to be free from unemployment.

4. Recognize the right of individual or collective labor disputes, including the right to strike, and solve them through the way stipulated by federal law.

Everyone has the right to rest. Ensure that people who work under labor contracts enjoy the length of working days, rest days and holidays and paid annual leave as stipulated by federal law.

Article 38

1. Mothers, fathers and families are protected by the state.

2. It is the equal right and obligation of parents to care for their children and cultivate them.

3./kloc-children aged 0/8 who are able to work should take care of their parents who are unable to work.

Article 39

1. In case of illness, disability, loss of breadwinner, children's education and other circumstances stipulated by law, social security shall be provided to everyone according to his age.

2. The state pension and social relief fund are stipulated by law.

3. Encourage voluntary social security and establish supplementary forms of social security and charitable institutions.

Article 40

1. Everyone has the right to own a house. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his residence.

2. State organs of power and local organs of self-government encourage housing construction and create conditions for the realization of housing rights.

3. Provide housing to the poor or other citizens who need housing as stipulated by law free of charge, or pay for it at a low price by the state, municipal and other housing funds according to the regulations stipulated by law.

Article 41

1. Everyone has the right to keep healthy and get medical assistance. In state and municipal medical institutions, we rely on the corresponding budget, insurance and other income to provide residents with free medical help.

2. In the Russian Federation, financial guarantee is provided for the federal program to maintain and strengthen the health of residents, measures are taken to develop national, urban and private health systems, and activities are encouraged to help strengthen people's health, develop sports, ecology and health and epidemic prevention conditions.

3. Public officials who conceal facts and situations that threaten people's lives and health should be held accountable according to federal laws.

Article 42 Everyone has the right to enjoy a good environment and information about environmental conditions, and has the right to claim compensation for damage to his health or property caused by ecological damage.

Article 43

Everyone has the right to education.

2. Ensure universal and free preschool education, basic general education and secondary vocational education in national or local educational institutions and enterprises.

Everyone has the right to receive higher education in national or local educational institutions and enterprises on the basis of competition.

4. Basic general education is compulsory. Parents or their substitutes should ensure that their children receive basic general education.

5. The Russian Federation formulates federal national education standards and supports various forms of education and self-study.

Article 44

1. Guarantee everyone's freedom of creation and teaching in literature, art, science and technology. Intellectual property rights are protected by the state.

2. Everyone has the right to participate in cultural life and use cultural facilities, and to have access to cultural treasures.

Everyone must care about and protect historical and cultural heritage and cherish historical relics.

Article 45

1. In the Russian Federation, the state protects the rights and freedoms of people and citizens.

Everyone has the right to safeguard his rights and freedoms by all means not prohibited by law.

Article 46

1. Guarantee judicial protection of everyone's rights and freedoms.

2. You can complain to the court about the decisions and actions (or omissions) of state power organs, local self-government organs, social organizations and public officials.

3. If all available domestic means protected by law have been exhausted, everyone has the right to resort to international organizations defending human rights and freedoms in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Article 47

1. No one shall be deprived of the right to hear his case by the corresponding judge of the court under the jurisdiction of law.

2. The person accused of a crime has the right to ask the court to let jurors participate in the trial of his case under the circumstances stipulated by federal law.

Article 48

1. everyone is guaranteed the right to a high level of legal aid. Legal aid is free in cases prescribed by law.

2. Everyone who is imprisoned, detained or accused of a crime has the right to be assisted by a lawyer (defender) from the moment of imprisonment, detention or prosecution.

Article 49

1. Every accused criminal is innocent until his crime is confirmed by the procedure stipulated by federal law and confirmed by the effective court judgment.

The defendant has no obligation to prove his innocence.

The irrefutable suspicion of guilt should be interpreted as beneficial to the defendant.

Article 50

1. No one will be sentenced again for the same crime.

2. In the process of judicial activities, evidence obtained in violation of federal laws is not allowed to be used.

3. Everyone who has been sentenced for a crime has the right to ask a higher court to reconsider the sentence within the procedure prescribed by federal law, and has the right to ask for pardon or commutation.

Article 51

1. No one has the obligation to testify against himself, his spouse and close relatives, and the scope of close relatives is stipulated by federal law.

2. Other cases of exemption from the obligation to provide evidence shall be stipulated by federal law.

Article 52 The rights of victims of crime and abuse of power shall be protected by law. The state guarantees that victims will resort to judicial activities and receive compensation for injuries.

Article 53 If damage is caused by illegal acts (or omissions) of state power organs and their public officials, everyone has the right to claim compensation from the state.

Article 54

1. Laws that confirm or increase liability are not retroactive.

When an action happens, no one can be responsible for it. If the responsibility is revoked or mitigated after the illegal act occurs, the new law shall apply.

Article 55

1. The basic rights and freedoms listed in the Constitution of the Russian Federation should not be interpreted as denying or damaging the rights and freedoms of other universally recognized people and citizens.

2. The Russian Federation may not promulgate laws that abrogate or impair the rights and freedoms of human beings and citizens.

3. The rights and freedoms of people and citizens can only be restricted by federal laws to the extent necessary to defend the foundation of the constitutional system, the morality, health, rights and legitimate interests of others, and to ensure national defense and national security.

Article 56

1. In order to ensure the safety of citizens and defend the constitutional system, in a state of emergency, according to the Federal Constitution, certain restrictions on rights and freedoms can be stipulated, and the restrictions and their effective periods can be specified.

2. A state of emergency may be imposed on all or part of the territory of the Russian Federation as long as there are reasons and the procedures stipulated in the Federal Constitution are followed.

3. The provisions of Articles 20, 2 1, 23 (1), 24, 28, 34 (1), 40 (1) and 46-54 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation are not restricted.

Article 57 Everyone must pay taxes and raise funds according to law. It has retrospective effect under laws that stipulate new taxes or worsen taxpayers' situation.

Article 58 Everyone must cherish nature and the environment and cherish natural wealth.

Article 59

1. Defending the motherland is the responsibility and obligation of citizens of the Russian Federation.

2. Citizens of the Russian Federation perform military service in accordance with federal laws.

3. Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to choose civilian service instead of military service in cases where their beliefs or beliefs deviate from military service and other cases stipulated by federal laws.

Article 60 Citizens of the Russian Federation can fully realize their rights and fulfill their obligations independently from the age of 18.

Article 61

1. Citizens of the Russian Federation may not be expelled from the territory of the Russian Federation or extradited to other countries.

2. The Russian Federation guarantees protection and asylum to citizens abroad.

Article 62

1. According to federal laws or international treaties of the Russian Federation, citizens of the Russian Federation can have foreign nationality (dual nationality).

2. The possession of foreign nationality by citizens of the Russian Federation will not harm their rights and freedoms, nor will they be exempted from their obligations arising from Russian nationality, unless it is otherwise stipulated by federal laws or international treaties of the Russian Federation.

3. Foreign citizens and stateless persons enjoy the same rights and obligations in the Russian Federation as citizens of the Russian Federation, except in cases stipulated by federal laws or international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Article 63

1. The Russian Federation provides political asylum to foreign citizens and stateless persons in accordance with universally recognized norms of international law.

2. The Russian Federation does not allow the extradition to foreign countries of persons prosecuted for their political beliefs and acts (or omissions) that the Russian Federation does not recognize as crimes. Persons accused of crimes shall be extradited and sentenced persons shall be transferred to other countries to serve their sentences in accordance with federal laws or international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Article 64 The provisions of this chapter form the basis of the legal status of individuals in the Russian Federation, and may not be amended unless the procedures stipulated in this Constitution.

Chapter III Federal Structure

Article 65

1. The entities of the Russian Federation participating in the formation of the Russian Federation are:

Adequay Republic, Altai Republic, Bashi cortot Republic, Buryatia Republic, Dagestan Republic, Ingushetia Republic, Kabardino-Balkar Republic and kalmyk-halm Tanganyi Republic. * Republic, Sakha (Yakutia) * * * Republic, North Ossetia * * * Republic, Tatarstan * * * Republic, Tuva * * * Republic, Udmurt * * * Republic, Khakas * * Republic, Chechnya.

Altai Krai, Krasnodar Krai, KraSi Nuo Yar Krai, Stavropol Krai, Khabarovsk Krai;

Amur, Hangele, astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Volgograd, Voronezh, Ivanov, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan and Kursk. Nizhny Gorod, Novosibirsk, omsk, orenburg, orlov, Penza, Perm, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Samara, saratov, Sakhalin, Sverdlov, Smolensk, Tangpov, Tver, Tomsk, Turatov.

Moscow, St. Petersburg-municipalities directly under the central government;

Jewish autonomous prefecture;

Agabria Autonomous Region, Kompir Autonomous Region, Mijak Autonomous Region, Corea Autonomous Region, Nenets Autonomous Region, Termel Autonomous Region (Nenets, Dolgin), Ustyordinski Buryat Autonomous Region, Hantmansi Autonomous Region, Chukchi Autonomous Region, Ewenki Autonomous Region and Yamal Nenets Autonomous Region.

2. The admission of new subjects to the Russian Federation and their participation in the Constitution shall be conducted in accordance with the procedures stipulated in the Federal Constitution.

Article 66

1.* * * The Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the Republic stipulate the status of the Republic.

2. The status of frontier regions, prefectures, municipalities directly under the Central Government, autonomous prefectures and autonomous regions shall be stipulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the regulations on frontier regions, prefectures, municipalities directly under the Central Government, autonomous prefectures and autonomous regions adopted by the corresponding legislative (representative) organs of the Russian Federation.

3. According to the motions of the legislatures and administrative organs of autonomous prefectures and autonomous regions, federal laws on autonomous prefectures and autonomous regions can be passed.

4. The relationship between autonomous regions in border areas or states can be regulated by federal laws and treaties between the organs of state power in autonomous regions and the corresponding organs of state power in border areas or states.

5. The status of the subject of the Russian Federation can be changed by mutual agreement between the Russian Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Federal Constitution.

Article 67

1. The territory of the Russian Federation includes the territory of its main institutions, inland rivers, territorial waters and airspace.

2. The Russian Federation has sovereignty over the continental shelf and special economic zones of the Russian Federation, and exercises judicial power in accordance with the procedures prescribed by federal laws and norms of international law.

3. The boundaries between entities of the Russian Federation may be changed by mutual agreement.

Article 68

1. Russian is the national language of the whole Russian Federation.

* * * and China have the right to decide their own national languages. They can be used simultaneously with the national language of the Russian Federation in the organs of state power, local self-government and state institutions of the Republic of China.

3. The Russian Federation guarantees the right of all ethnic groups to keep their mother tongue and creates conditions for the study and development of their mother tongue.

Article 69 The Russian Federation guarantees the rights of indigenous minorities in accordance with universally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Article 70

1. The national flag, national emblem and national anthem of the Russian Federation shall be interpreted and formally used by the federal constitutional law.

2. Moscow is the capital of the Russian Federation. Federal law defines the status of the capital.